Table 4 Definition of PPCs

Pneumonia

X-ray finding of a new or progressive pulmonary infiltration and meeting 2 of the following 3 indications:

(1) Cough, exacerbation of dyspnea or purulent sputum

(2) Body temperature above 38 °C or under 36 °C

(3) WBC > 12,000 or < 4000/μL

Atelectasis

Mainly based on X-ray findings as follows:

 Lung collapse

 Compensatory hyperinflation of adjacent ipsilateral lung tissue

 Wedge- or linear-shaped opacities

 Shifting of mediastinum

 Diaphragm move towards the collapse

Pleural effusion

X-ray finding of obscure or disappearance of costophrenic angle, obscured ipsilateral diaphragm

SIRS

(1) Core body temperature > 38 °C or < 36 °C

(2) HR > 90 bpm, in cases of atrial arrhythmia, ventricular rate > 90 bpm; exclude when used medications that may affect heart rate

(3) RR > 20 bpm, or PaCO2 < 32 mmHg (4.2 kPa), or urgent mechanical ventilation used

(4) WBC > 12,000 or < 4000/μL

Sepsis

(1) Positive microbiologic culture from blood, or definite tissue infection, presence of abscess

(2) Meets at least 2 SIRS definitions

ALI/ARDS

(1) Lung injury of acute onset (within 1 week or progressive)

(2) Hypoxemia, PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300/200 mmHg

(3) X-ray showing obscured bilateral lobes which cannot be explained by effusion, atelectasis, or nodules

(4) Respiratory failure that cannot be explained by heart failure or hypervolemia