Table 1 Study inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria

 1. Aged ≥ 18 years

 2. Undergoing any of the following types of cardiac surgery: CABG with or without valve surgery (aortic and/or mitral); isolated valve surgery; isolated aortic surgery

 3. Surgery scheduled for at least 14 days after enrollment

Exclusion criteria

 1. Urgent and/or emergent surgery

 2. Non-English speaking

 3. Pre-existing history of psychiatric illness as documented in the medical record or divulged in history taking in pre-enrollment patient interview, such as anxiety, depression, or bipolar disorder

 4. History of cerebrovascular accident or recent history (< 3 months) of seizures

 5. History of dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, or other forms of cognitive decline

 6. Current use of cognition-enhancing drugs

 7. Current management for chronic pain

 8. Currently enrolled in another interventional study that could impact the primary outcome, as determined by the PI

 9. Educational attainment below high school level or equivalent

 10. Significant visual impairment

Preoperative dropout criteria

 1. Cognitive impairment as defined by MoCA score < 10

 2. DASS-21 depression score > 10