Table 2 Primary and secondary outcomes

 Glycemic parameters

Normal range reference

 Fasting blood glucose

< 100.9 mg/dL

 Glycosylated hemoglobin/HbA_1c

< 5.7%

 Fructosamine

200–285 μmol/L [63]

 GlycoMark

~ 180 mg/dL

 Fasting insulin

< 25 μU/L

 Absence of high HOMA-Insulin Resistance

General US adult population: < 2.73 vs. ≥ 2.73 [63]

 Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index

~ 100% [66]

 Pancreatic β-cell function

~ 100% [66]

  Total cholesterol

≤ 19 years: < 170 mg/dL; ≥ 20 years: 125–200 mg/dL

  Low-density lipoprotein

< 100 mg/dL

  High-density lipoprotein

≤ 19 years: > 45 mg/dL; ≥ 20 years men: ≥ 40 mg/dL; ≥ 20 years women: ≥ 50 mg/dL [129]

  Triglycerides

< 150 mg/dL [130]

  High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)

Varies^a