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Table 2 Estimated mean change in memory-related neuropsychological outcomes at 3-months and 9-months

From: Art therapy is associated with sustained improvement in cognitive function in the elderly with mild neurocognitive disorder: findings from a pilot randomized controlled trial for art therapy and music reminiscence activity versus usual care

 

Art therapy

(n = 22)

Music reminiscence activities

(n = 24)

Control

(n = 22)

Number of participants assessed at 3 months

19

23

18

Number of participants assessed at 9 months

18

22

18

RAVLT List Learning Sum z-score

 Mean change at 3 months from baseline (SE)

1.01 (0.19)

0.36 (0.17)

0.47 (0.19)

  Difference (intervention – control) (90% CI) [p]

0.54 (0.105, 0.978) [0.042]

−0.11 (− 0.529, 0.314) [0.674]

 

 Mean change at 9 months from baseline (SE)

1.07 (0.17)

0.73 (0.15)

0.60 (0.16)

  Difference (intervention – control) (90% CI) [p]

0.47 (0.089, 0.854) [0.043]

0.13 (− 0.240, 0.493) [0.569]

 

RAVLT Delayed Recall z-score

 Mean change at 3 months from baseline (SE)

0.31 (0.14)

0.25 (0.13)

0.08 (0.14)

  Difference (intervention – control) (90% CI) [p]

0.24 (−0.088, 0.561) [0.230]

0.17 (− 0.142, 0.486) [0.366]

 

 Mean change at 9 months from baseline (SE)

0.41 (0.13)

0.41 (0.12)

0.27 (0.12)

  Difference (intervention – control) (90% CI) [p]

0.14 (−0.159, 0.430) [0.448]

0.14 (− 0.145, 0.421) [0.419]

 

RAVLT Recognition Trial z-score

 Mean change at 3 months from baseline (SE)

0.57 (0.22)

0.20 (0.20)

0.11 (0.22)

  Difference (intervention – control) (90% CI) [p]

0.46 (−0.045, 0.969) [0.134]

0.09 (− 0.402, 0.578) [0.767]

 

 Mean change at 9 months from baseline (SE)

0.50 (0.21)

0.32 (0.19)

0.18 (0.20)

  Difference (intervention – control) (90% CI) [p]

0.32 (−0.153, 0.802) [0.262]

0.14 (− 0.318, 0.600) [0.612]

 

Mean z-score for RAVLT memory domains

 Mean change at 3 months from baseline (SE)

0.64 (0.12)

0.27 (0.11)

0.23 (0.12)

  Difference (intervention – control) (90% CI) [p]

0.40 (0.126, 0.679) [0.017]

0.04 (− 0.230, 0.304) [0.819]

 

 Mean change at 9 months from baseline (SE)

0.67 (0.10)

0.48 (0.10)

0.36 (0.10)

  Difference (intervention – control) (90% CI) [p]

0.31 (0.068, 0.548) [0.035]

0.13 (− 0.102, 0.358) [0.358]

 
  1. Mean values were estimated using a linear mixed-effects model adjusted for baseline values and gender. See “Methods” section for outcome definitions
  2. RAVLT Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, SE standard error, CI confidence intervals