Preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction less than 30% | |
Emergent procedure | |
Isolated aortic surgery | |
Pre-existing cognitive impairment | |
Parkinson’s disease | |
Alzheimer’s disease | |
Recent seizures (<3 months) | |
Prophylactic medications for cognitive decline | |
Serum creatinine greater than 2 mg/dL | |
Liver dysfunction (liver enzymes more than four times the baseline or history and exam suggestive of jaundice) | |
Active (in the past year) history of alcohol or drug abuse (>10 drinks per week) | |
Hypersensitivity to any of the study medications | |
Non–English-speaking (inability to complete the cognitive assessments) |