Table 3 Structured observation for sanitation, handwashing, water treatment and lipid-based nutrient supplementation (LNS) feeding practices

 Observed adult use of hygienic latrine^b

(40) 38/94^c

(44) 16/36

4 (− 31, 39) 0.82

(94) 32/34

54 (28, 79 < .001

(27) 8/30

−14 (− 49,21) 0.44

(31) 13/42

− 9 (− 41,23) 0.56

(97) 37/38

57 (32,82) < .001

(95) 35/37

54 (29,80) < .001

 Observed child defecation in potty or hygienic latrine

(32) 22/69

(29) 9/31

−3 (− 49,44) 0.90

(54) 21/39

22 (−18,61) 0.28

(9.1) 2/22

−23 (− 61,-15) 0.24

(5.9) 2/34

− 26 (− 63,11) 0.17

(37) 13/35

5 (− 38,48) 0.81

(40) 16/40

8 (− 31,47) 0.70

 Safe disposal of human feces

(16) 12/76

(13) 4/30

−2 (− 32,27) 0.87

(36) 14/39

20 (− 11,51) 0.

(3.2) 1/31

− 13 (− 39,-14) 0.40

(5.3) 2/38

−.11 (− 38,17) 0.45

(38) 13/34

.22 (− 11,56) 0.19

(30) 14/47

.14 (− 16,44) 0.25

 Use of sani-scoop for human feces handling

–

–

–

(27) 6/22

–

–

–

–

–

(25) 5/20

–

(38)11/29

–

 Use of sani-scoop for animal feces handling

–

–

–

(15) 16/105

–

–

–

–

–

(21) 24/116

–

(12) 12/102

–

  After toilet use

(29) 25/87

(18) 6/34

−11 (−35,13) 0.37

(30) 10/33

2 (−24,27) 0.90

(67) 18/27

38 (11,64) < .005

(40) 16/40

11 (−15,38) 0.41

(74) 26/35

46 (19,72) < .001

(67) 20/30

38 (10,65) < .007

  After cleaning child’s anus

(26) 18/69

(39) 12/31

13 (− 7,.32) 0.21

(34) 14/41

.8 (−12,28) 0.43

(61) 14/23

35 (12,58) 0.003

(37) 13/35

11 (− 13,35) 0.36

(69) 24/35

42 (6,78) < .020

(72) 28/39

46 (26,66) < .001

  Before infant feeding

(1.8) 6/343

(4.0) 9/227

2 (−2,6) 0.27

(1.9) 3/160

.1 (−2,2) 0.92

(16) 26/161

14 (2,27) 0.02

(2.9) 5/174

1 (−2,4) 0.44

(9.0) 14/155

7 (2,13) 0.008

(5.3) 10/190

4 (−.1,7) 0.06

  Before eating

(0.7) 4/546

(.3) 1/296

−.3 (−1,1) .42

(1.5) 4/262

0.7 (−.8,2) .34

(6.9) 21/306

6 (3,9) < .001

(1.7) 5/297

1 (− 1,3) .30

(11) 34/300

11 (5,16) < .001

(5.1) 16/317

4 (1,7) 0.007

  Before food preparation

(.5) 1/186

(1.9) 2/104

1 (−2,4) 0.35

(0) 0/106

−.5 (−.1,.5) 0.32

(5.0) 6/121

4 (.4,8.0) 0.03

(0) 0/118

− 5 (−1,.5) 0.31

(8.7) 9/104

8 (2,14) 0.005

(5.0) 6/119

5 (−1,10) 0.11

  After cutting vegetables to be cooked

(0.6) 1/161

(3.0) 2/67

2 (−3,8) 0.41

(0) 0/88

−.6 (−1,.6) 0.31

(5.0) 4/80

4 (−.3,9) 0.07

(1.0) 1/100

4 (− 2,3) 0.75

(5.8) 5/86

5 (.1,10) 0.03

(4.2) 4/95

4 (− 1,9) 0.15

  After handling raw meat/fish

(6.0) 4/67

(0) 0/23

−6 (−11,-.3) 0.04

(8.6) 3/35

3 (−8,13) 0.63

(44) 8/18

38 (7,70) 0.01

(3.9) 1/26

−2 (− 11,7) 0.65

(18) 3/17

12 (− 9,30) 0.27

(32) 12/38

25 (12,39) < .001

  All food handling events

(1.0) 10/960

(1.0) 5/490

−.02 (−1,1) 0.97

(1.4) 7/491

.4 (− 1,2) 0.60

(7.4) 39/525

6 (3,9) < .001

(1.3) 7/541

.3 (− 1,2) 0.72

(10.1)51/507

9 (6,12) < .001

(6.7) 38/569

6 (3,8) < .001

  Proportion of households observed to store water

(51) 55/108

(48) 26/54

−3 (−19,13) 0.74

(49) 27/55

−2 (− 18,14) 0.83

(51) 27/53

.01 (− 16,16) 0.99

(48) 26/54

− 3 (− 19,13) 0.74

(53) 28/53

.02 (− 14,18) 0.82

(62) 34/55

10 (−5,27) 0.18

  Storage container fully covered

(18) 13/74

(77) 27/35

60 (41,78) < .001

(38) 16/42

20 (−.3,41) 0.05

(31) 13/42

13 (−9,35) 0.23

(19) 7/37

1 (−16,18) 0.88

(55) 21/38

38 (19,57) < .001

(62) 31/50

44 (24,65) < .001

  Water stored with residual chlorination detected^d

0/70 (0)

(70) 23/33

69 (54,85) < .001

0/41 (0)

0 (− 0,0) 1

0/42 (0)

0 (− 0,0) 1

0/37 (0)

0 (− 0,0) 1

(50) 18/36

50 (33,66) < .001

(65) 30/46

65 (51,80) < .001

  Drinking stored water; index child or its mother

(81) 208/258

(97) 167/172

16 (10,23) < .001

(81.3) 113/139

.7 (−8,9) 0.88

(83) 96/116

2 (− 9,12) 0.70

(85)126/148

5 (−5,14) 0.34

(97) 109/113

16 (10,22) < .001

(97) 113/117

16 (10,22) < .001

  Drinking stored water; other household members

(87) 222/256

(90) 146/162

3 (−6,12) 0.46

(78.4) 105/134

−8 (−18,2) 0.10

(83) 134/162

−4 (−16,.8) 0.51

(89) 122/137

2 (− 6,10) 0.58

(96) 141/147

9 (3,16) 0.004

(83) 144/173

−3 (−18,12) 0.65

  Rinsed container with water

(42) 31/74

(60) 21/35

18 (5,42) 0.13

(43) 18/42

1 (−23,25) 0.94

(33) 14/42

−9 (−31,14) 0.46

(41) 15/37

−1 (− 26,26) 0.91

(58) 22/38

16 (−8,40) 0.10

(34) 17/50

− 8 (− 29,14) 0.47

  Washed hands with only water

(27) 20/74

(34) 12/35

7 (−14,29) 0.51

(41) 17/42

13 (−11,37) 0.27

(14) 6/42

−13 (− 29,4) 0.13

(24) 9/37

−3 (−23,17) 0.79

(40) 15/38

12 (− 11,36) 0.31

(16) 8/50

− 11 (− 29,7) 0.22

  Washed hands with water and soap

(1.4) 1/74

(14) 5/35

13 (.3,26) 0.04

(0) 0/42

−1 (−4,1) 0.31

(0) 0/42

−1 (−4,1) 0.31

(0) 0/37

− 1 (− 4,1) 0.31

(7.9) 3/38

7 (−2,16) 0.16

(0) 0/50

− 1 (− 4,1) 0.31

  Rinsed glass with drinking water

(15) 76/514

(7.8) 26/334

−7 (−13,-1) 0.02

(20) 55/273

5 (−.4,14) 0.24

(11) 30/278

−4 (−10,2) 0.21

(14) 40/285

−.8 (− 7,6) 0.83

(8.1) 21/260

− 7 (− 13,-1) 0.03

(7.6) 22/290

− 7 (− 13,-2) 0.01

  Washed hands with only water

(5.5) 28/514

(4.5) 15/334

− 1 (−5,3) 0.65

(4.4) 12/273

−1 (−6,4) 0.69

(3.2) 9/278

−2 (−6,2) 0.29

(3.2) 9/285

−2 (− 6,2) 0.24

(3.5) 9/260

− 2 (− 6,2) 0.31

(1.4) 4/290

− 4 (− 7,-1) 0.01

Drinking water stored in the study provided container (topaz); index child or its mother

–

(74) 128/172

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

(66) 74/113

–

(68)80/118

–

Drinking water stored in the study provided container (topaz); other household members

–

(40) 65/162

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

(57) 84/147

–

(42) 72/173

–

  Observed LNS serving (at least 1)

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

(56) 30/54

–

–

–

(59) 32/54

–

  Consumption (index child)

  Consumed 1 full sachet

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

(65) 26/40

–

–

–

(97) 31/32

–

  Consumed 2 full sachet

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

(0) 0/40

–

–

–

(0) 0/32

–

  Partially from left over sachet

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

(13) 5/40

–

–

–

(0) 0/32

–

  Partially eaten and stored

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

(18) 7/40

–

–

–

(0) 0/32

–

  Partially eaten and thrown away

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

(5) 2/40

–

–

–

(3.1) 1/32

–

  Mother’s hands washed with soap before feeding LNS

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

(13) 5/40

–

–

–

(31) 10/32

–