Table 1 List of procedures of biopsychosocial evaluation of the Pro Kind Follow-up
Hypothesis | Construct | Operationalization | Primary or secondary outcome domains | Informant | Data source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hypothesis 1.1: The home-visiting program has a positive effect on the child’s cognitive development and school performance | Child’s school performance | Basic diagnostics of specific developmental disorders of speech and language at primary school age (BUEGA [55]) | Primary outcome domain | Child | Testing by trained test administrator |
Child’s cognitive development | |||||
Child’s specific developmental disorders | |||||
Hypothesis 1.2: The home visits have a positive effect on the child’s mental health | Child’s behavioral problems and emotional disorders | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL 6/18 R [60]), German version: [61] | Primary outcome domain | Mother | Questionnaire |
Child’s attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and social behavior disorders (suspected diagnosis) | Module from the diagnostic interview of mental disorders in children and youths (Kinder-DIPS [52]) | Mother | Interview by trained and certified staff | ||
Child’s anxiety disorders (suspected diagnosis) | |||||
Child’s affective disorders (suspected diagnosis) | |||||
Hypothesis 1.3: The home visits have a positive effect on the child’s socio-emotional development | Child’s social skills | Social Skills Improvement System (SSIS [62]), German version: author’s translation | Secondary outcome domain | Mother | Questionnaire |
Child’s aggression | Questionnaire regarding children’s aggressive behavior (FAVK [63]) | Mother | Questionnaire | ||
Child’s psychopathy | Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) ([64]), German version by Essau | Mother | Questionnaire | ||
Hypothesis 1.4: The home visits have a positive effect on the child’s life satisfaction. | Child’s general life satisfaction | Inventory to measure the life quality of children and youths (ILK [65]) | Primary outcome domain | Child | Survey by trained test administrator |
Hypothesis 1.5: The home visits influence the child’s preferences (risk behavior, pro-social behavior and time preference). | Child’s pro-social behavior | Game for interpersonal allocation decisions ([57]). | Secondary outcome domain | Child | Testing by trained test administrator |
Child’s risk behavior | Investment decisions in a lottery ([56]) | ||||
Child’s time preference | Game for temporary allocation decisions ([58]) | ||||
Hypothesis 2.1: The home visits result in improved parenting skills (less inappropriate parenting behavior) | Mother’s dysfunctional parenting | Parenting Scale (PS) ([66]), German version: target-group-specific adaptation by the authors | Primary outcome domain | Mother | Questionnaire |
Mother’s non-violent disciplining | Conflict Tactic Scale Child Report (CTS-CR [68]), interview of the children with picture cards. German version: translation by the AMIS group / Conflict Tactic Scale Parent Child (CTS-PC [67]), German version: target-group-specific adaptation by the authors | Child / Mother | Interview through trained test administrator (Child) / Questionnaire (Mother)] | ||
Hypothesis 2.2: The home visits reduce or prevent child abuse and the frequency of physical violence | Mother’s child abuse | Conflict Tactic Scale Parent Child (CTS-PC) ([54]), German version: target-group-specific adaptation by the authors | Primary outcome domain | Mother | Questionnaire |
Mother’s “Minor” aggression | Conflict Tactic Scale Child Report (CTS-CR [68]), interview of the children with picture cards. German version: translation by the AMIS group / Conflict Tactic Scale Parent Child (CTS-PC) ([54]), German version: target-group-specific adaptation by the authors | Child / mother | Interview through trained test administrator (Child) / Questionnaire (Mother) | ||
Mother’s “Minor” physical violence | |||||
Hypothesis 2.3: The home visits reduce or prevent child neglect | Mother’s physical neglect | Scale of the Multidimensional Neglectful Behavior Scale-Child Report (MNBS [53]), interview of the children with picture cards. German version: translation by the AMIS group. | Primary outcome domain | Mother | Questionnaire |
Mother’s emotional neglect | Child / mother | Interview through trained test administrator (Child) / Questionnaire (Mother) | |||
Mother’s cognitive neglect | |||||
Mother’s supervisory neglect | |||||
Hypothesis 3.1: The home visits have a positive effect on the mother’s perceived social support | Mother’s Perceived social support | Questionnaire regarding social support (FSOZU-K6 [71]) | Secondary outcome domain | Mother | Questionnaire |
Hypothesis 3.2: The home visits influence the mother’s mental health | Mother’s mental stress | Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale (DASS [70]), German version: target-group-specific adaptation by the authors | Primary outcome domain | Mother | Questionnaire |
Hypothesis 3.3: The home visits result in more stable partnerships with less frequent partner change, greater satisfaction with the partnership and less domestic violence in the partnership | Mother’s stability of partnership | Developed by the authors | Secondary outcome domain | Mother | Questionnaire |
Mother’s partnership satisfaction | Short form of the Partnership Questionnaire (PFB-K [74]) | ||||
Psychological aggression against mother | Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2 [54]; German version: target-group-specific adaptation by the authors [forward-backward] | ||||
Physical violence against mother | |||||
Sexual assault against mother | |||||
Injuries due to assaults by the partner | |||||
Hypothesis 3.4: The home visits improve the parental self-efficacy expectations regarding the parenting tasks | Mother’s parenting self-efficacy | Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) ([76]), German version: target-group-specific adaptation by the authors | Secondary outcome domain | Mother | Questionnaire |
Hypothesis 3.5: The home visits have a positive effect on the perceived stress resulting from the mother’s parenting tasks | Mother’s parenting stress | Parenting Stress Index (PSI [72]), German version: Eltern-Belastungs-Inventar (EBI [73]). | Secondary outcome domain | Mother | Questionnaire |
Hypothesis 3.6:The home visits have a positive effect on the mother‘s life satisfaction | Mother’s general life satisfaction | Questions regarding life satisfaction (FLZ [77]) | Primary outcome domain | Mother | Questionnaire |
Hypothesis 4.1: The home visits increase the share of mothers in employment or education programs | Mother’s acceptance of employment | The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) [49] and | Secondary outcome domain | Mother | Questionnaire |
Mother’s acceptance of training or educational offers | The Panel Arbeitsmarkt und Soziale Sicherung ([78]) | Mother | Questionnaire | ||
Hypothesis 4.2: The home visits reduce the families’ use of welfare payments (SGB II, SGB III and SGB VIII [social security codes]). | Welfare payments | Integrated employment history provided by the Institute of Employment Research (IAB) | Secondary outcome domain | Institute of Employment Research (IAB) | Administrative data |
Hypothesis 4.3: The home visits have a positive effect on the family’s living situation | Family situation | The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME [59] forward-backward translation by the authors) | Secondary outcome domain | Staff | Observation |
Hypothesis 4.4: The home visits influence the timing or frequency of a renewed pregnancy and births | Renewed pregnancy | Questionnaire about intended and realized fertility (Siedler et al., 2009). Integrated Employment History provided by the Institute of Employment Research (IAB) | Secondary outcome domain | Mother/ Institute of Employment Research (IAB) | Questionnaire/ administrative data |
Renewed desire to have children | |||||
Abortions Births | |||||
Hypothesis 5.1: The home visits improve the mothers’ physical health | Mother’s physical health | 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12 [79]) | Secondary outcome domain | Mother | Questionnaire |
Hypothesis 5.2: The home visits increase the frequency of pediatric primary care use (e.g., screenings, vaccinations, child’s oral health care and dentist visits) | Frequency of pediatric primary care use | KiGGS questionnaire [80] physician visits with ICD Z | Secondary outcome domain | Mother health insurance companies | Questionnaire/administrative data |
Hypothesis 5.3: Home visits reduce the children’s hospital visits (outpatient or inpatient) caused by accidents and injuries | Number of child’s injuries | Hospital admission and physician visits with ICD S and T | Secondary outcome domain | Health insurance companies | Administrative data |