Table 2 Eligibility criteria
Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
|---|---|
• Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) diagnostic criteria: | •Type 1 diabetes |
(a) Type-2 diabetes over 10 years with microalbuminuria | • Taking potassium-sparing diuretics |
(b) Diabetic retinopathy with microalbuminuria | • Severe anemia, Hb < 60 g/L |
(c) Macroalbuminuria: 24-h urinary protein (24-h UP) 0.5–3 g | • Albumin < 35 g/L |
•Chinese syndrome differentiation of qi deficiency and with blood stasis | • Severe cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases |
• Age between 18 and 80 years | • Other primary or secondary renal diseases (e.g., IgA nephropathy, membranous nephropathy, or lupus nephritis) |
• Willingness to provide signed informed consent | • Pregnant or lactating women, women intending to become pregnant and women not using appropriate contraceptive methods |
• HbA1C ≤ 8.0% | • Allergy to components of agents used in the study |
• Serum creatinine < 133 μmol/L (1.5 mg/dL) | • Severe mental disorder |
• Controlled hypertension (blood pressure ≤ 140/90 mmHg) | • Recent participation in other clinical trials recently |
• Other unstable elements such as malignancy, or migration | |
• Liver dysfunction (ALT or AST 2.5 times higher than normal levels) |