Definitions | Â |
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HFNO | Device that delivers humidified and warmed, high-flow oxygen at flows greater than 15 L/min |
Usual oxygen therapy devices | Devices used to treat spontaneously ventilating patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) who require supplemental oxygen. They deliver either:  low-flow oxygen (including nasal cannula, Ventimask® without Venturi effect, and non-rebreather mask)  or medium-flow oxygen (Venturi masks and medium-flow facemasks) |
Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) | Administration of ventilatory support without using an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy tube. Ventilatory support can be provided through diverse interfaces (mouthpiece, nasal mask, facemask, or helmet) using a variety of ventilatory modes (e.g., volume ventilation, pressure support, bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP; see the image below), proportional-assist ventilation (PAV), and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)) with either dedicated NIV ventilators or ventilators also capable of providing support through an endotracheal tube or mask |
Clinical outcomes in HFNO | Assessed by measuring |
Oxygenation (desaturation) | Continuous SpO2 PaO2 at fixed times PaO2/FiO2 ratio |
Ventilation | PaCO2 |
Airway pressures | Nasopharyngeal or hypopharyngeal catheter |
Work of breathing | Respiratory rate |
Patient comfort and adherence | Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for breathing difficulties Satisfaction and tolerance; global comfort Dyspnea (VAS or Borg scale); dry mouth |
Cardiovascular status | Heart rate Shock; need for vasopressors |
Complications | Need for NIV Need for intubation and mechanical ventilation (MV); mortality |