Table 3 Exclusion criteria

1. Prostate, bladder, or urethral cancer, seizure disorder in any medical history

2. Inflammatory bowel disease, active urethral stricture, neurologic disease or disorder affecting the bladder, liver disease, neurologic impairment or psychiatric disorder preventing understanding of consent and self-report scale

3. Urinary tract infection with a urine culture value >100,000 colony forming units (CFU)/mL, clinical evidence of urethritis, including urethral discharge or positive culture, diagnostic of sexually transmitted diseases (including gonorrhoea, chlamydia, mycoplasma or trichomonas, but not including HIV/AIDS), symptoms of acute or chronic epididymitis

4. Residual urine volume ≥100 mL

5. Qmax ≤15 mL/s

6. During previous 4 weeks used androgen hormone inhibitors (finasteride), alpha-blockers (terazosin, doxazosin mesylate, tamsulosin hydrochloride), antibiotics (ciprofloxacin hydrochloride), or any other prostatitis-specific medication (including herbal and Chinese medicine)