Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria

 - Aged 60 years and over

 - Have stress or mixed urinary symptoms at least three times a week persisting for three months or more

 - Able to have a gynecological examination

Exclusion criteria

 - Have a BMI ≥ 35;

 - Reduced mobility (not able to get around without the aid of a cane, crutches, or a walker)

 - Suffer from untreated chronic constipation

 - Experience important organ prolapse (POPQ > 2)

 - Received physiotherapy treatment for urinary incontinence in the past year

 - Have a surgery for incontinence or organ prolapse in the past year

 - Currently taking any medication for urinary incontinence (eligible if comfortable stopping the medication) or medications affecting skeletal muscles

 - Experiencing any leakage of stool or mucus

 - Have an active urinary or vaginal infection in last three months

 - Recent change in hormonal replacement

 - Any co-morbidities or risk factors interfering with the study (e.g. respiratory, cardiovascular, or memory problems, active cancer, diabetes, etc.)