Table 2 Definitions of major complications of pancreatic extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
Complications | Mild | Moderate | Severe |
|---|---|---|---|
Post-ESWL pancreatitis | Clinical pancreatitis, amylase at least three times the normal level at > 24 h after procedure, requires admission or extension of planned admission from 2 days to 3 days | Requires hospitalization of 4– 10 days | Hospitalization for > 10 days, pseudocyst formation, or intervention (percutaneous drainage or surgery) |
Bleeding | Clinical evidence of bleeding, hemoglobin fall < 3 g, no transfusion | Transfusion of ≤ 4 units, no angiographic intervention, or surgery | Transfusion of ≥ 5 units, or intervention (angiographic or surgical) |
Infection | >38 °C for 24–48 h | Requires > 3 days of hospital treatment | Abscess, septic shock, or intervention (percutaneous drainage or surgery) |
Steinstrasse | Severe abdominal pain without other post-ESWL complications | Combined with other complications, or requires > 3 days of hospital treatment | Combined with other complications; hospitalization for > 10 days, or surgery |
Perforation | Possible, or very slight leak of fluid, treatable with fluids and suction for ≤ 3 days | Any definite perforation treated medically for 4–10 days | Medical treatment for > 10 days, or intervention (percutaneous or surgical) |