Table 3 Clavien Dindo classification of surgical complications [24]

Grade I

Any deviation from the normal postoperative course without the need for pharmacological treatment or surgical, endoscopic, and radiological interventions

Grade II

Allowed therapeutic regimens are: drugs as antiemetics, antipyretics, analgetics, diuretics, electrolytes, and physiotherapy. This grade also includes wound infections opened at the bedside

Grade III

Requiring pharmacological treatment with drugs other than such allowed for grade I complications. Blood transfusions and total parenteral nutrition are also included. Requiring surgical, endoscopic, or radiological intervention

Grade IIIa

Intervention not under general anaesthesia

Grade IIIb

Intervention under general anaesthesia

Grade IV

Life-threatening complication (including CNS complications) requiring IC/ICU management

Grade IVa

Single organ dysfunction (including dialysis)

Grade IVb

Multiorgan dysfunction

Grade V

Death of a patient

Suffix “d”

If the patient suffers from a complication at the time of discharge, the suffix “d” (for “disability”) is added to the respective grade of complication. This label indicates the need for a follow-up to fully evaluate the complication.