Table 2 Summary of the methodology of primary and secondary outcome measurements and potential confounders in the PREvention of DIabetes in KIDs (PREDIKID) study
Measure | Methodology |
|---|---|
Primary outcomes | |
 Insulin resistance | Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA), biochemical analyses |
 Expression of miRNA in circulating exosomes and white blood cells | RNA-seq methodology |
Secondary outcomes | |
 Physical measures | |
  Body mass (kg) | Scale |
  Height (cm) | Stadiometer |
  Waist circumference (cm) | Non-elastic tape |
  Blood pressure (mmHg) | Oscillometric monitor device |
  Body fat (%) | Dual X-ray absorptiometry |
  Abdominal adiposity (g) | Dual X-ray absorptiometry |
  Visceral abdominal adiposity (cm2) | Magnetic resonance imaging |
  Hepatic fat (%) | Magnetic resonance imaging |
  Pancreatic fat (%) | Magnetic resonance imaging |
  Carotid intima medial thickness (mm) | Doppler ultrasonography |
 Biochemical measures | |
  Glucose (mg/dL) | Enzymatic spectrophotometry |
  Insulin, leptin, adiponectine, fetuin-A, FGF21 | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay |
  Hemoglobin A1c | Enzymatic tests |
  Total cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | Enzymatic spectrophotometry |
  Triglycerides (mg/dL) | Enzymatic spectrophotometry |
  Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | Enzymatic tests |
  Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | Enzymatic tests |
  Gamma glutamyl transferase (U/L) | Enzymatic tests |
  C-reactive protein (g/dL) | Enzyme immunoassay |
  TSH, T3, T4 | Radioimmunoassay |
  Uric acid (mg/dL) | Enzymatic spectrophotometry |
  Urea, bilirubin | Enzymatic spectrophotometry |
 Cardiorespiratory fitness | 20-m shuttle run test Cardiopulmonary exercise test |
 Dietary assessment | 24-h recalls and food frequency questionnaires |
 Physical activity assessment | Accelerometry and questionnaires |
 Sleeping habits | Accelerometry and questionnaires |
 Sedentary behaviors | Questionnaires |
Potential confounders | |
 Pubertal development (Tanner stage) | Physical examination |
 Sociodemographic variables | |
 Socioeconomic status | Questionnaires |
 Neonatal variables | Health booklets and questionnaires |
 Family medical history | Questionnaires |
 Demographic characteristics | Questionnaires |