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Table 2 Comparison of design elements of drug or biological interventional trials between 13 regional representative countries and USA in 2011 − 2013 (odds ratio, 95% CI, p value)

From: Current globalization of drug interventional clinical trials: characteristics and associated factors, 2011–2013

Continental region

South America

Western Europe

Eastern Europe

Middle East

Asia

Pacifica

Africa

Country

Brazil

Germany

Poland

Israel

Korea

China

India

Australia

South Africa

Phase

0

0.253

(0.035–1.818)

p = 0.219

-

-

0.547

(0.224–1.339)

p = 0.180

0.128

(0.041–0.403)

p< 0.001

0.567

(0.306–1.049)

p = 0.067

-

0.080

(0.011–0.573)

p= 0.001

-

1

0.330

(0.215–0.505)

p < 0.001

0.729

(0.647–0.820)

p < 0.001

0.127

(0.087–0.184)

p < 0.001

0.223

(0.159–0.312)

p < 0.001

0.656

(0.573–0.751)

p < 0.001

0.379

(0.315–0.456)

p < 0.001

1.517

(1.206–1.907)

p < 0.001

0.566

(0.467–-0.686)

p < 0.001

0.287

(0.200–0.411)

p < 0.001

2

0.402

(0.280–0.577)

p < 0.001

1.022

(0.925–1.128)

p < 0.673

1.031

(0.896–1.185)

p = 0.672

0.684

(0.564–0.829)

p < 0.001

0.715

(0.633–0.808)

p < 0.001

0.815

(0.718–0.925)

p = 0.002

0.471

(0.335–0.662)

p < 0.001

0.889

(0.765–-1.033)

p = 0.123

0.807

(0.650–1.00)

p = 0.050

3

1.951

(1.526–2.494)

p < 0.001

2.336

(2.118–2.577)

p < 0.001

3.557

(3.176–4.029)

p < 0.001

2.798

(2.414–3.243)

p < 0.001

1.961

(1.751–2.192)

p < 0.001

1.596

(1.404–1.815)

p < 0.001

1.118

(0.822–1.521)

p = 0.477

2.968

(2.614–-3.370)

p < 0.001

3.349

(2.840–3.950)

p < 0.001

4

2.868

(2.233–3.683)

p < 0.001

0.797

(0.675–0.942)

p = 0.008

0.822

(0.649–1.041)

p = 0.104

1.064

(0.829–1.365)

p = 0.628

1.783

(1.557–2.043)

p < 0.001

2.142

(1.865–2.458)

p < 0.001

1.099

(0.758–1.593)

p = 0.618

0.725

(0.562–-0.935)

p = 0.013

1.033

(0.765–1.397)

p = 0.831

Sponsors

 Industry

0.592

(0.461–0.759)

p < 0.001

4.252

(3.800–4.760)

p < 0.001

1.976

(1.792–2.179)

p < 0.001

1.385

(1.222–1.570)

p < 0.001

1.241

(1.140–1.352)

p < 0.001

0.795

(0.716–0.884)

p < 0.001

1.257

(1.036–1.526)

p = 0.020

1.813

(1.638–2.006)

p < 0.001

1.827

(1.591–2.098)

p < 0.001

 Others

1.534

(1.278–1.842)

p < 0.001

0.289

(0.258–0.324)

p < 0.001

0.110

(0.082–0.147)

p < 0.001

0.714

(0.611–0.835)

p < 0.001

0.863

(0.785–0.950)

p = 0.002

1.322

(1.206–1.448)

p < 0.001

0.842

(0.674–1.052)

p = 0.130

0.259

(0.212–-0.317)

p < 0.001

0.230

(0.171–0.310)

p < 0.001

Age

 Adult

1.679

(1.335–2.111)

p < 0.001

0.821

(0.729–0.925)

p = 0.001

0.379

(0.299–0.480)

p < 0.001

0.586

(0.465–0.738)

p < 0.001

0.968

(0.856–1.094)

p = 0.617

1.015

(0.890–1.157)

p = 0.825

2.695

(2.211–3.285)

p < 0.001

0.556

(0.454–0.682)

p < 0.001

0.585

(0.444–0.772)

p < 0.001

 Child

0.950

(0.541–1.668)

p = 0.857

1.001

(0.804–1.248)

p = 0.989

1.852

(1.448–2.369)

p < 0.001

1.546

(1.141–2.094)

p = 0.005

0.987

(0.775–1.256)

p = 0.914

1.011

(0.780–-1.310)

p = 0.937

1.041

(0.604–1.794)

p = 0.885

0.923

(0.664–1.283)

p = 0.635

1.963

(1.418–2.718)

p < 0.001

 Senior

-

1.778

(0.700–4.515)

p = 0.220

1.316

(0.304–5.706)

p = 0.713

-

1.095

(0.321–3.740)

p = 0.885

3.518

(1.515–8.166)

p = 0.006

-

1.366

(0.315–5.922)

p = 0.676

1.351

(0.179–10.174)

p = 0.536

Design

 RCT

1.437

(1.207–1.711)

p < 0.001

1.253

(1.165– 1.349)

p < 0.001

1.407

(1.273–1.556)

p < 0.001

1.272

(1.128–1.436)

p < 0.001

1.248

(1.152–1.351)

p < 0.001

1.195

(1.095–1.304)

p < 0.001

1.408

(1.180–1.681)

p < 0.001

1.289

(1.161–1.431)

p < 0.001

1.420

(1.235–1.633)

p < 0.001

  1. *Cells with statistical significance (P < 0.05) were highlighted by bold face. RCT randomized controlled trial