Skip to main content

Table 2 Overview of outcomes, outcome measures, instruments and assessment time points

From: The SITLESS project: exercise referral schemes enhanced by self-management strategies to battle sedentary behaviour in older adults: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Outcomes

Outcome measures

Instrument

Assessment time pointa

Personal information

Age, gender, civil status, living arrangement, educational background, medical conditions, and smoking and alcohol habits.

Primary care records Self-report

T0

Primary outcomes

 Sedentary behaviour

Sitting time and the number of minutes spent in activities requiring ≤ 1.5 Metabolic Equivalent Tasks.

Actigraph®

ActivPal®

Axivity®

Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire

T0, T1, T2, T3

 Physical activity

Daily counts per minute and intensity of exercise, and daily step counts.

Actigraph®

T0, T1, T2, T3

 Secondary outcomes

 Physical function

General function Aerobic capacity Static balance

SPPB

2-minutes’ walk test Unipedal stance

T0, T1, T2, T3

 Muscle function

Handgrip strength

Takei analogue Hand Grip Dynamometer

T0, T1, T2, T3

Mean strength and power with concentric contraction of isoinertial movement performing 3 exercises: (a) 30-s chair stand rise; (b) five repetitions of arm curl with both hands using a 2-kg and 4-kg weight; and (c) four counter-movement jumps.

Linear encoder

 Health economics’ related outcomes

Use of sport services, and use of health and social services, medications, number of falls.

Interview

T0, T1, T2, T3

 Anthropometry

Weight, height, body mass index, waist and hip circumference.

 

T0, T1, T2, T3

 Bioimpedance

% fat; % muscle

Tanita BC 420S MA bioimpedance analyser

T0, T1, T2, T3

 Blood pressure

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure; heart rate.

OMRON M6 comfort

T0, T1, T2, T3

 Activities of Daily Living

 

6-item questionnaire

T0, T1, T2, T3

 Self-rated health and health-related quality of life

 

SF-12

EUROQOL-5D

ICECAP-O

T0, T1, T2, T3

 Anxiety

 

HADS

T0, T1, T2, T3

 Depressive symptoms

 

HADS

T0, T1, T2, T3

 Social network

 

Lubben Social Network Scale-6

T0, T1, T2, T3

 Physical activity self-regulation

 

12-item Physical Activity Self-Regulation Scale

T0, T1, T2, T3

 Self-efficacy for exercise

 

Marcus’s Self-Efficacy Questionnaire

T0, T1, T2, T3

 Disability

 

Short form Late Life Function and Disability Index

T0, T1, T2, T3

 Fear of falling

 

Short Falls Efficacy Scale – International

T0, T1, T2, T3

 Loneliness

 

Short form De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale

T0, T1, T2, T3

 Executive function

 

Trail Making Test

T0, T1, T2, T3

 Physical fatigue

 

Pittsburg Fatigability Scale

T0, T1, T2, T3

In a subsample:

 Level of frailty-associated biomarkers and inflammation

IL-6, hsCRP, TNF-alpha, IGF-1.

Blood sample

T0, T1

 Sarcopenia-associated markers of muscle quality

Myostatin, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, VEGF, BDNF, FGF21, irisin, myostatin, Type 2/Type 1 fibre ratio, Wnt and Notch signaling, CDC42

Muscle biopsy

T1

  1. aAssessment time points: T0 = baseline pre-intervention, T1 = at month 4 post intervention, T2 = at month 16 (12 months after the end of the intervention), and T3 = at month 22 (18 months after the end of the intervention)
  2. SPPB Short Physical Performance Battery, ICECAP-O ICEpop CAPability measure for Older people, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale