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Table 2 Meta-analysis comparing OR of favorable outcome, stratified by result analysis, primary outcome, and funding source

From: The association of funding source on effect size in randomized controlled trials: 2013–2015 – a cross-sectional survey and meta-analysis

Funding source

Per-protocol, OR (95% CI)

Intention-to-treat, OR (95% CI)

Clinical outcome, OR (95% CI)

Surrogate outcome, OR (95% CI)

For-profit

1.92 (1.72–2.14)

1.74 (1.58–1.92)

1.50 (1.40–1.61)

3.72 (2.53–5.51)

Mixed

1.34 (1.25–1.43)a

1.30 (1.22–1.38)a

1.27 (1.16–1.34)a

1.57 (1.26–1.95)a

Nonprofit

1.32 (1.26–1.39)a

1.33 (1.26–1.40)a

1.27 (1.19,1.37)a

1.62 (1.46–1.76)a

  1. aStatistical difference compared with for-profit-funded research (p < 0.05)