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Table 3 Causality of adverse events

From: Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for the treatment of lower limb intermittent claudication: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (the SHOCKWAVE 1 trial)

Causality

Definition

Almost certainly

Starts within a time related to the operation of the device, and

No obvious alternative medical explanation

Probably

Starts within a time related to the operation of the device, and

Cannot be reasonably explained by known characteristics of the patient’s clinical state

Possibly

Starts within a time related to the operation of the device, and

A causal relationship between the operation of the device and the adverse event is at least a reasonable possibility

Unrelated

The AE is definitely not associated with the study device