Intervention (n = 14) | Control (n = 7) | Difference between groups (95% CI) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 3 months | 6 months | 12 monthsa | Baseline | 3 months | 6 months | 12 months | Baseline–6 months | |
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Difference (95% CI) | |
Physical fitness | |||||||||
Fat-free mass (kg) | 65 (7) | 66 (9) | 65 (8) | 64 (8) | 64 (6) | N/A | 64 (6) | 63 (6) | -0.2 (-1.5, 1.1) |
Fat mass (%) | 25 (6) | 24 (5) | 24 (6) | 23 (5) | 23 (4) | N/A | 23 (5) | 23 (5) | -0.5 (-2.4, 1.5) |
VO2 peak (ml O2/min/kg) | 29 (7) | 32 (7)b | 32 (7) | 33 (6)c | 26 (5) | N/A | 27 (5) | 28 (6)d | 2.8 (0.1, 5.4) |
Cardio-metabolic outcomes | |||||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.0 (3.4) | 25.8 (3.3) | 25.7 (3.4) | 25.0 (3.0) | 25.6 (2.5) | 25.6 (2.9) | 25.4 (2.6) | 25.4 (2.6) | -0.2 (-0.9, 0.6) |
Waist circumference (cm) | 102 (15) | 99 (14) | 100 (13) | 95 (10) | 98 (6) | N/A | 99 (5) | 97 (4) | -3 (-7, 1) |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.3 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.2) | 1.4 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.1) | 1.4 (0.2) | 1.5 (0.2) | -0.0 (-0.2, 0.1) |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.8 (0.7) | 2.8 (0.7) | 2.7 (0.7) | 2.8 (0.6) | 2.9 (0.6) | 2.8 (0.7) | 3.1 (0.7) | 3.0 (0.6) | -0.3 (-0.7, 0.0) |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.1 (0.7) | 5.1 (0.7) | 5.0 (0.8) | 5.2 (0.7) | 5.3 (0.8) | 5.3 (1.0) | 5.6 (1.0) | 5.6 (0.9) | -0.4 (-0.8, 0.1) |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.3 (0.5) | 1.5 (0.6) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.3) | 0.3 (-0.1, 0.7) |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.8 (0.6) | 5.8 (0.4) | 5.8 (0.5) | 5.7 (0.4) | 6.1 (0.4) | 6.1 (0.3) | 6.0 (0.2) | 5.8 (0.3) | -0.1 (-0.5, 0.3) |
Insulin (mmol/L) | 11.6 (6.5) | 10.2 (6.5) | 11.4 (7.7) | 8.0 (4.1) | 11.8 (6.8) | 15.1 (11.9) | 9.7 (2.7) | 10.2 (8.1) | 1.8 (-2.9, 6.5) |
Prostate cancer progression | |||||||||
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (ng/ml) | 5.4 (1.7) | 5.0 (2.5) | 5.4 (3.2) | 5.4 (2.2) | 5.0 (2.2) | 4.5 (1.0) | 4.9 (1.6) | 4.7 (1.1) | 0.2 (-2.1, 2.6) |