Fig. 3

Meta-analysis of all trials. Pooled SMD estimates across all trials assessed at the primary assessment time point, grouped by outcome type and ordered by duration of follow-up (in months). AUASI American Urological Association Symptom Index, BMI body mass index, CC-FI Cleveland Clinic Florida - Faecal Incontinence score, CPAP continuous positive airway pressure, ESS Epworth Sleepiness Scale, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, IBFAT Infant Breastfeeding Assessment Tool, IPSS International Prostate Symptom Score, LBOS Low Back Outcome Score, MDRS Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, NRS numerical rating scale, QoL quality of life, RDQ Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire, SF-36 Short Form Health Status Questionnaire, SF-MPQ McGill Pain Questionnaire, UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, VAS visual analogue scale, WOMAC Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, Y-BOCS Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale