Table 2 Measures for Cornerstone randomized trial
Construct and dimension (corresponds with Fig. 1) | Instrument category and name | Psychometric properties | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|
Mediating outcomes | |||
Image impressions stigma | Stigma subscale of the Inventory of Attitudes Toward Mental Health Services, IASMHS [52] | 8-item, Likert scale 0 to 4; strong validity and reliability with youth (α = 0.83) [53, 54] | B, 3, 6, 9 |
Behavioral beliefs mistrust | Group-Based Mistrust Scale [55] | 12-item, Likert scale 1 to 5; strong validity; alpha = .91 [55] | B, 3, 6, 9 |
Self-efficacy | Efficacy: Perceived Behavioral Control Measure [56] | 7-item scale; strong internal consistency [Factor 1 ease, α = 0.78, Factor 2 control, α = 0.60) | B, 3, 6, 9 |
Outcomes | |||
Intention to engage services | Behavioral intention: utilized in decision-making (intend to attend therapeutic sessions as scheduled) | Standardized scales developed and tested over 20 years by Fishbein et al., Likert scale 1 to 5 [56] | B, 3, 6, 9 |
Mental health service use | |||
Attendance | Behavioral outcome: group attendance sheets (standardized sheets) | Utilized in pilot study | Bi-weekly |
Adherence to services | Behavioral outcome: tracking system, youth self-report and clinician report: Medication and appointments: “How often do you keep your appointments for this service?” | Strong face validity; utilized in studies of adherence of youth [57] Responses: (0) all of the time (1) most of the time, (2) a moderate amount of the time, (3) sometimes (4) never or almost never. | B, 3, 6, 9 |
Mental health | |||
Recovery measure | Mental Health: Recovery Assessment Scale-Short Form [58] | Study of reliability of recovery measure [59] | B, 3, 6, 9 |
Depression symptoms | Mental Health: Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) [60] | 20-item, high internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and validity [61] | B, 3, 6, 9 |
Perceived stress | Mental Health Outcome: Global Measure of Perceived Stress [62] | 14-item, Likert scale, 1 (never) to 5 (very often), reliability (0.75) [62] | B, 3, 6, 9 |
Mental Health in Action Outcomes – Each outcome includes a continuous measure of perceived importance | |||
Natural supports | Life outcomes items on presence of social support relationships Example of the perceived importance measures [63] | “Do you have natural supports in your life?” [Interviewer reads list] i.e., “How important is it to you to have natural supports in your life?” | B, 3, 6, 9 |
Housing | Life outcomes items on housing, current residence [64] | Where are you currently living? | B, 3, 6, 9 |
Young adult employment/education | Life outcomes current work and/or education, residential status | Items utilized in previous research with transition-age youth [64] | B, 3, 6, 9 |
Social/community Inc. | Life outcomes social inclusion [65] Life outcomes community integration [66] | How many times in the last 7 days have you …e.g., visited in person with a friend or friends? | B, 3, 6, 9 |
Maintaining insurance | Life outcome maintaining health insurance | Do you currently have health insurance? | B, 3, 6, 9 |
Additional measures | |||
Cornerstone Fidelity | (1) Cornerstone session content items | 6-items | 6 mo. interview |
Implementation Checklist | The BSCM and RRM will be asked for this information via a checklist | Barriers: (1) time; (2) transportation and; (3) staffing. | Aim 3 interview |