Table 2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Patient with stroke, traumatic brain injury, or spinal cord injury in acute to subacute phase

Age <18 years

First stage of rehabilitation (<40 days after incident)

Clinically significant concomitant disease states (e.g., cardiovascular disease) that may threaten the patient’s health in case of sustained exercise

Need for gait rehabilitation because of at least one of the following conditions:

 • Paresis of the lower extremities

 • Severe balance disorders

 • No walking at admission

Concomitant gait disorders induced by acute to subacute musculoskeletal injuries (e.g., fracture of the lower extremities)

Ability to walk for 2 min without aid or with minimal aid, namely:

 • With the help of one person, or:

 • With walking aid (cane, walker)

Severe preexistent gait disorders that deeply affect walking abilities and gait pattern, either because of musculoskeletal (e.g., severe osteoarthritis) or neurological (e.g., Parkinson’s disease) etiologies

Informed consent as documented by signature

Severe noncorrected visual impairment.

Inability to follow the procedures of the study, e.g., because of language problems, psychological disorders, dementia, etc.