Table 1 Enrollment criteria

Inclusion criteria

1. AF (CHA₂DS₂-VASc score >2 points)

2. Aged between 40 and 85 years

Exclusion criteria

1. Aged below 40 or over 85 years

2. History of myocardial infarction

3. Proven coronary artery disease by coronary angiogram

4. Cerebrovascular disorders rated as grade 4 or greater on the modified Rankin Scale

5. Severe peripheral arterial disease rated as Fontaine IIb or over

6. Uncontrolled hypertension (180/110 mmHg) or diabetes (glycated hemoglobin: HbA1C >10.0 %)

7. Severe hepatic dysfunction (aspartate transaminase (AST)/alanine transaminase (ALT) >100 mg/dL)

8. Renal dysfunction (serum creatinine ≥2.0 mg/dL)

9. Uncontrolled congestive heart failure

10. Severe hematological abnormalities

11. Drug allergies or history of hypersensitivity to the investigational drugs

12. Pregnant or lactating women, or women who wish to become pregnant