| |
Time Point
|
Groups A and B, mean (SD)
|
β (SD)
|
d
a
|
95 % CI
|
|---|
| |
LL
|
UL
|
|---|
|
Subjective happiness (4 items, 1–7 scale)
|
Baseline
|
4.12 (.16)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
4 weeks
|
4.22 (.16)
|
.10 (.04)
|
.20b
|
.030
|
.167
|
|
12 weeks
|
4.26 (.16)
|
.14 (.04)
|
.27c
|
.068
|
.209
|
|
Health-related quality of life (12 items, 0–100 scale)
| | | | | | |
|
Mental component
|
Baseline
|
38.68 (1.26)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
4 weeks
|
39.51 (1.26)
|
.82 (.33)
|
.17d
|
.174
|
1.472
|
|
12 weeks
|
39.86 (1.27)
|
1.17 (.34)
|
.24c
|
.518
|
1.834
|
|
Physical component
|
Baseline
|
50.62 (1.04)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
4 weeks
|
50.38 (1.04)
|
−.24 (.28)
|
−.06
|
−.784
|
.306
|
|
12 weeks
|
50.91 (1.05)
|
.29 (.28)
|
.07
|
−.263
|
.841
|
- LL lower limit, UL upper limit
- The estimates for the covariates of age, sex, and education were as follows. That of subjective happiness was β = .08, SD = .02, 95 % CI .028, .123; β = .02, SD = .07, 95 % CI −.110, .158; β = .05, SD = .02, 95 % CI .005, .092, respectively. That of mental quality of life was β = .79, SD = .19, 95 % CI .413, 1.169; β = .91, SD = .54, 95 % CI −.146, 1.954; β = .45, SD = .17, 95 % CI .113, .791, respectively. That of physical quality of life was β = −1.095, SD = .17, 95 % CI −1.420, −.767; β = 1.53, SD = .49, 95 % CI .570, 2.487; β = .51, SD = .15, 95 % CI .220, .803, respectively
- Note. Younger participants (aged <12 years) were excluded
- a Cohen’s d (small = .20; medium = .50; large = .80)
- b p < .01
- c p < .001
- d p < .05
