| |
Time point
|
Groups A and B, mean (SD)
|
Group C, mean (SD)
|
β (SD)
|
d
a
|
95 % CI
|
|---|
| | |
LL
|
UL
|
|---|
|
Subjective happiness (4 items, 1–7 scale)
|
Baseline
|
4.12 (.16)
|
4.18 (.17)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
4 weeks
|
4.22 (.16)
|
4.21 (.17)
|
.07 (.06)
|
.08
|
−.044
|
.187
|
|
12 weeks
|
4.26 (.16)
|
4.17 (.17)
|
.15 (.06)
|
.16b
|
.024
|
.271
|
|
Health-related quality of life (12 items, 0–100 scale)
| | | | | | | |
|
Mental component
|
Baseline
|
38.68 (1.26)
|
39.26 (1.32)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
4 weeks
|
39.51 (1.26)
|
39.69 (1.32)
|
.39 (.57)
|
.05
|
−.719
|
1.505
|
|
12 weeks
|
39.86 (1.27)
|
39.72 (1.34)
|
.71 (.60)
|
.08
|
−.447
|
1.884
|
|
Physical component
|
Baseline
|
50.62 (1.04)
|
50.94 (1.07)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
4 weeks
|
50.38 (1.04)
|
50.80 (1.07)
|
−.10 (.48)
|
−.01
|
-1.029
|
.835
|
|
12 weeks
|
50.91 (1.05)
|
51.27 (1.08)
|
−.05 (.50)
|
−.01
|
-1.025
|
.933
|
- LL lower limit, UL upper limit
- The estimates for the covariates of age, sex, and education were as follows. That of subjective happiness was β = .08; SD = .02; 95 % CI, .028, .123; β = .02; SD = .07; 95 % CI, −.110, .158; β = .05; SD = .02; 95 % CI, .005, .092, respectively. That of mental quality of life was β = .79; SD = .19; 95 % CI, .413, 1.169; β = .91; SD = .54; 95 % CI, −.146, 1.954; β = .45; SD = .17; 95 % CI, .113, .791, respectively. That of physical quality of life was β = −1.095; SD = .17; 95 % CI, −1.420, −.767; β = 1.53; SD = .49; 95 % CI, .570, 2.487; β = .51; SD = .15; 95 % CI, .220, .803, respectively)
- Note. Younger participants (aged <12 years) were excluded
- a Cohen’s d (small = .20; medium = .50; large = .80)
- b p < .05
