Control (C) | School feeding (SF) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ghana SF Programme (GSFP) | ‘Home-grown’ school feeding (HGSF) | Main evaluation comparisons* | |||||||||||
All | HGSF+ | HGSF++ | Ha: [A − B] ! = 0, Pr(|T| > |t|) | ||||||||||
Characteristic | n | Estimate | n | Estimate | n | Estimate | n | Estimate | n | Estimate | [SF − C] | [GSFP − HGSF] | [HGSF+ − HGSF++] |
Outcomes | |||||||||||||
Absentee days over last 7 days | 6217 | 0.130 [0.678] | 2754 | 0.121 [0.672] | 1765 | 0.117 [0.613] | 855 | 0.186 [0.790] | 843 | 0.130 [0.685] | 0.327 | 0.0745 | 0.1227 |
Age started school (aged 5–15 years) | 3907 | 7.18 [1.95] | 1734 | 7.16 [1.92] | 1105 | 7.36 [1.88] | 560 | 7.18 [2.05] | 508 | 6.86 [2.07] | 0.5276 | 0.0001 | 0.0123 |
Number of times repeated a class | 6067 | 0.23 [0.62] | 2677 | 0.21 [0.57] | 1726 | 0.25 [0.62] | 825 | 0.26 [0.67] | 839 | 0.22 [0.72] | 0.0356 | 0.7323 | 0.2238 |
Maths test score | 5826 | 2.51 [2.79] | 2588 | 2.31 [2.70] | 1646 | 2.54 [2.75] | 801 | 2.91 [3.04] | 791 | 2.74 [2.87] | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.2756 |
Literacy test score | 5849 | 3.06 [3.69] | 2596 | 2.75 [3.50] | 1661 | 3.05 [3.56] | 804 | 3.58 [4.07] | 788 | 3.57 [4.06] | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.9423 |
Raven’s test score | 5830 | 4.46 [2.74] | 2590 | 4.32 [2.75] | 1650 | 4.52 [2.69] | 800 | 4.84 [2.70] | 790 | 4.41 [2.81] | <0.001 | 0.2448 | 0.002 |
Digit span score | 5883 | 4.78 [2.40] | 2615 | 4.56 [2.40] | 1664 | 4.89 [2.37] | 809 | 5.13 [2.39] | 795 | 4.89 [2.39] | <0.001 | 0.152 | 0.0487 |
Height-for-age (5–15 years) z-score | 5232 | −0.925 [1.35] | 2303 | −0.943 [1.43] | 1494 | −0.963 [1.29] | 730 | −0.888 [1.24] | 705 | −0.827 [1.31] | 0.3999 | 0.0268 | 0.3666 |
BMI-for-age (5–15 years) z-score | 5232 | −0.592 [0.924] | 2303 | −0.575 [0.964] | 1494 | 0.636 [0.895] | 730 | −0.574 [0.857] | 705 | −0.570 [0.912] | 0.2542 | 0.051 | 0.9284 |
Haemoglobin levels (g/dL) | 714 | 11.3 [1.34] | 422 | 11.3 [1.35] | 169 | 11.3 [1.36] | 32 | 11.4 [1.47] | 91 | 11.3 [1.21] | 0.9088 | 0.8764 | 0.8469 |
Total maize production volumes (kg) | 2626 | 787 [1751] | 1163 | 864 [2034] | 722 | 807 [1596] | 375 | 590 [1248] | 366 | 702 [1478] | 0.0439 | 0.0376 | 0.2646 |
Total rice production volumes (kg) | 2626 | 141 [652] | 1163 | 149 [700] | 722 | 148 [645] | 375 | 137 [678] | 366 | 111 [449] | 0.6003 | 0.4551 | 0.5297 |
Total maize sale volumes (kg) | 2626 | 393 [1196] | 1163 | 432 [1261] | 722 | 446 [1337] | 375 | 270 [880] | 366 | 292 [907] | 0.1381 | 0.0057 | 0.7435 |
Total rice sale volumes (kg) | 2626 | 84 [484] | 1163 | 94 [583] | 722 | 87 [413] | 375 | 70 [397] | 366 | 61 [327] | 0.3509 | 0.2895 | 0.7286 |
Other variables | |||||||||||||
Age (for 15 years and younger) | 8407 | 7.5 [4.2] | 3153 | 5.8 [9.0] | 1918 | 6.2 [9.5] | 942 | 6.2 [9.3] | 917 | 6.1 [9.9] | 0.057 | 0.847 | 0.8071 |
Is a girl? (for 15 years and younger) | 8407 | 0.48 [0.5] | 3799 | 0.48 [0.50] | 2318 | 0.49 [0.50] | 1167 | 0.47 [0.50] | 1123 | 0.51 [0.5] | 0.4933 | 0.9377 | 0.0989 |
Birth order (for all children) | 8533 | 2.9 [2.0] | 3791 | 2.9 [2.1] | 2397 | 3.0 [2.0] | 1189 | 3.0 [2.0] | 1156 | 2.9 [1.9] | 0.8275 | 0.021 | 0.2204 |
Is enrolled in school? (for 5–15 years) | 6178 | 0.92 [0.27] | 2755 | 0.91 [0.29] | 1737 | 0.92 [0.26] | 852 | 0.94 [0.01] | 834 | 0.91 [0.29] | 0.0375 | 0.9395 | 0.0065 |
Receives free school meals? | 6280 | 0.19 [0.39] | 2809 | 0.17 [0.38] | 1768 | 0.23 [0.42] | 860 | 0.13 [0.34] | 843 | 0.24 [0.43] | 0.0001 | 0.0055 | <0.001 |
Distance to nearest school | 6343 | 0.47 [3.24] | 2765 | 0.45 [3.14] | 1808 | 0.58 [4.34] | 891 | 0.21 [0.85] | 879 | 0.59 [2.29] | 0.597 | 0.0992 | <0.001 |
Time to school | 6333 | 21.4 [45.6] | 2778 | 19.6 [31.3] | 1796 | 18.8 [32.5] | 888 | 17.6 [22.7] | 871 | 35.9 [95.1] | 0.007 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Total education expenditure | 5635 | 23923 [35642] | 2410 | 19250 [30878] | 1640 | 27089 [37899] | 789 | 25732 [37096] | 796 | 29752 [40791] | <0.001 | 0.6249 | 0.0403 |
Mother’s education level (5–15 years) | 5096 | 5.9 [9.4] | 2290 | 5.7 [9.1] | 1437 | 6.1 [9.6] | 690 | 6.1 [9.4] | 679 | 6.0 [9.8] | 0.1946 | 0.8518 | 0.7608 |
Education level of head of household | 2626 | 1.4 [2.6] | 1163 | 1.4 [2.7] | 1463 | 1.3 [2.5] | 375 | 1.6 [2.7] | 366 | 1.3 [2.2] | 0.9393 | 0.2147 | 0.1344 |
Household size | 2626 | 5.7 [2.4] | 1163 | 5.7 [2.4] | 722 | 5.8 [2.4] | 375 | 5.7 [2.3] | 366 | 5.6 [2.3] | 0.8747 | 0.1774 | 0.5572 |
Per-capita expenditure quintile | 2625 | 3.1 [1.4] | 1162 | 3.2 [1.4] | 722 | 2.9 [1.4] | 375 | 3.3 [1.4] | 366 | 3.1 [1.4] | 0.1763 | 0.0008 | 0.2199 |
Household expenditure on food | 2626 | 3473 [2187] | 1163 | 3483 [2213] | 722 | 3370 [2254] | 375 | 3502 [1846] | 366 | 3608 [2289] | 0.815 | 0.1041 | 0.4874 |
Household expenditure on health | 2626 | 93.5 [112] | 1163 | 97.7 [116] | 722 | 88.7 [107] | 375 | 93.3 [108] | 366 | 90.0 [112] | 0.0894 | 0.595 | 0.6768 |
Household expenditure on education | 2626 | 214 [333] | 1163 | 204 [328] | 722 | 195 [311] | 375 | 233 [340] | 366 | 260 [374] | 0.1926 | 0.0034 | 0.3013 |
Household expenditure on transport | 2626 | 317 [415] | 1163 | 315 [407] | 722 | 297 [393] | 375 | 352 [447] | 366 | 326 [447] | 0.8157 | 0.0607 | 0.4316 |
% share of HH expenditure spent on food | 2626 | 59.8 [15.8] | 1163 | 59.6 [16.4] | 722 | 60.3 [15.4] | 375 | 58.0 [14.0] | 366 | 61.1 [16.0] | 0.5613 | 0.3073 | 0.0049 |