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Table 3 Baseline participant characteristics

From: Graded Resistance Exercise And Type 2 Diabetes in Older adults (The GREAT2DO study): methods and baseline cohort characteristics of a randomized controlled trial

 

Power

Sham

Total

(n = 49)

(n = 54)

(n = 103)

Demographics

Age (years)

66.9 ± 4.7

68.8 ± 6.1

67.9 ± 5.5

Sex (female)

24.0 (49.0)

27.0 ± (50.0)

51.0 ± 0.5

Smoking status

 Current

3.0 (6.1)

3.0 (5.6)

6.0 (5.8)

 Past

31.0 (63.3)

33.0 (61.1)

64.0 (62.1)

Ethnic origin

 Caucasian

49.0 (100.0)

50.0 (92.6)

99.0 (96.1)

 Asian

0.0 (0.0)

2.0 (3.7)

2.0 (1.9)

 Indian

0.0 (0.0)

2.0 (3.7)

2.0 (1.9)

Chronic diseases

Duration of diabetes (years)

6.9 ± 5.1

9.1 ± 6.7

8.0 ± 6.0

Number of chronic diseases

5.1 ± 1.9

5.1 ± 1.8

5.1 ± 1.8

Chronic diseases

 Hypertension

37.0 (75.5)

39.0 (72.2)

76.0 (73.8)

 Osteoarthritis

35.0 (71.4)

33.0 (61.1)

68.0 (66.0)

 Cardiovascular diseases

23.0 (46.9)

27.0 (50.0)

50.0 (48.5)

 High cholesterol

24.0 (49.0)

21.0 (38.9)

45.0 (43.7)

 Cancer

14.0 (28.6)

17.0 (31.5)

31.0 (30.1)

 GERD (Reflux/Barrett’s esophagus)

8.0 (16.3)

14.0 (25.9)

22.0 (21.4)

 PVD

10.0 (20.4)

11.0 (20.4)

21.0 (20.4)

 IHD, MI, Angina

8.0 (16.3)

11.0 (20.4)

19.0 (18.4)

 Sleep apnea

7.0 (14.3)

12.0 (22.2)

19.0 (18.4)

 Depression

10.0 (20.4)

8.0 (14.8)

18.0 (17.5)

 Hypothyroidism

7.0 (14.3)

9.0 (16.7)

16.0 (15.5)

 Arrhythmia

8.0 (16.3)

6.0 (11.1)

14.0 (13.6)

 Ulcers (gastrointestinal tract)

7.0 (14.3)

7.0 (13.0)

14.0 (13.6)

 Osteoporosis/Osteopenia

5.0 (10.2)

8.0 (14.8)

13.0 (12.6)

 Gout

7.0 (14.3)

5.0 (9.3)

12.0 (11.7)

 Benign prostatic hyperplasia

3.0 (6.1)

8.0 (14.8)

11.0 (10.7)

 Chronic venous disease

4.0 (8.2)

6.0 (11.1)

10.0 (9.7)

 COPD/CAL

2.0 (4.1)

7.0 (13.0)

9.0 (8.7)

 Hyperthyroidism

2.0 (4.1)

6.0 (11.1)

8.0 (7.8)

 Esophagitis

5.0 (10.2)

3.0 (5.6)

8.0 (7.8)

Health status

Weight (kg)

89.5 ± 15.2

88.8 ± 18.8

89.1 ± 17.1

BMI (kg/m2)

31.5 ± 4.7

31.6 ± 6.0

31.6 ± 5.4

Waist circumference (cm)

 Men

112.4 ± 9.6

109.3 ± 11.5

110.8 ± 11.7

 Women

109.6 ± 9.6

108.7 ± 11.5

109.1 ± 12.6

Resting blood pressure (mmHg)

 Systolic

147.2 ± 17.9

145.1 ± 17.9

146.1 ± 17.9

 Diastolic

78.9 ± 7.5

77.4 ± 10.2

78.1 ± 9.0

Resting heart rate (bpm)

65.2 ± 12.1

64.6 ± 8.4

64.9 ± 10.2

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

7.4 ± 2.5

7.1 ± 2.2

7.3 ± 2.4

Fasting insulin (mU/L)

10.1 ± 5.9

11.1 ± 6.7

10.6 ± 6.3

HbA1c (%)

6.9 ± 0.9

7.3 ± 1.3

7.1 ± 1.1

HOMA2-IR

2.6 ± 1.0

2.9 ± 1.3

2.7 ± 1.1

Cholesterol (mmol/L)

 Total

4.5 ± 1.1

4.2 ± 1.1

4.4 ± 1.1

 HDL

1.2 ± 0.3

1.2 ± 0.4

1.2 ± 0.3

 LDL

2.5 ± 0.9

2.3 ± 0.9

2.4 ± 0.9

 Triglycerides

1.7 ± 1.0

1.7 ± 0.9

1.7 ± 0.9

C-reactive protein (mg/L)

3.8 ± 3.2

4.5 ± 4.9

4.2 ± 4.2

Diabetic treatment

Diet only

8.0 (16.0)

10.0 (19.0)

18.0 (17.0)

Oral hypoglycemics only

34.0 (69.0)

35.0 (65.0)

69.0 (67.0)

Oral hypoglycemics and Insulin

4.0 (8.0)

7.0 (13.0)

11.0 (11.0)

Insulin only

3.0 (6.0)

2.0 (4.0)

5.0 (5.0)

Physical Function

Habitual gait speed (m/s)

1.2 ± 0.2

1.2 ± 0.2

1.2 ± 0.2

Maximal gait speed (m/s)

1.9 ± 0.3

1.9 ± 0.3

1.9 ± 0.3

6MWT (m)

551.1 ± 93.8

539.1 ± 95.3

544.8 ± 94.3

  1. Values are means ± SD or n (%)
  2. 6MWT 6-Minute Walk Test, BMI body mass index, BPH benign prostatic hyperplasia, COPD/CAL chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/chronic airflow limitation, GERD gastro-esophageal reflux disease, HbA1c glycemic control, HDL high-density lipoprotein, HOMA2-IR homeostatic model assessment 2, IHD ischemic heart disease, LDL low-density lipoprotein, MI myocardial infarction, PVD peripheral vascular disease,