Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Age between 18 and 70

Diabetes mellitus

Chronic kidney disease stage IV-V (eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73m²)

History of transplantation

History of acute kidney injury before randomization

Active infection

Cancer patients treated with intravenous cisplatin

Use of other nephrotoxic agents such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aminoglycosides, colistin, vancomycin, cyclosporine, tacrolimus

Receiving contrast media during last 72 h

Liver disease (bilirubin >2 mg/dl, transaminase levels >2.5 times the upper limit normal)

Written consent

Patients with high risks of dehydration owing to poor oral intake

High blood pressure (>180/110 mmHg despite antihypertensive medications)

Hypersensitivity to gemigliptin or its excipients

Low compliance to gemigliptin treatment