Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Maternal criteria

21 years old or younger at the beginning of pregnancy

Mother and child live together

Sufficient verbal and intellectual abilities to participate in a verbal training program

Caucasian

Written informed consent of the mother and, if <18 years old, of the caregiver of the mother

Child criteria

Between 3 and 6 months old

Written informed consent of the caregiver

Exclusion criteria

Maternal criteria

Current substance abuse

Current suicidal ideation

Psychotic disorders

Separation from the child (>3 months)

Child criteria

Preterm birth (<36 weeks gestation)

Serious medical problems

Genetic syndromes