Table 3 Outcome and other measures
Outcome measures | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Construct/Associated Hypothesis a | Instrument | Burden | When | Who | |||||
S | B | 6 | 12 | 18 | |||||
Primary outcome: | |||||||||
Quality of life: Global Mental Health and Global Physical Health/1 | PROMIS Global Health [39] | 10 | X | X | X | X | OA | ||
CG | |||||||||
Secondary outcomes: | |||||||||
Independence: Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)/2 | Getting to places outside the home, moving/walking around the home, taking your medications, planning and preparing meals, bathing and using the toilet, dealing with finances [53-55] | 6 | X | X | X | X | OA | ||
Cost per Quality-Adjusted | QALY: PROMIS Global Health converted to QALYs using EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) [40] | 0 | X | X | X | X | OA | ||
CG | |||||||||
Life Year (QALY)/3 | |||||||||
Intervention cost: modified DATCAP [41] | 0 | X | X | OA | |||||
CG | |||||||||
Healthcare utilization: patient survey using modified medical services utilization form [43] | 6 | X | X | X | X | OA | |||
CG | |||||||||
Loneliness/4 | UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3) [56] | 20 | X | X | X | X | OA | ||
CG | |||||||||
Falls/5 | Recent falls: # of falls; # requiring medical attention | 2 | X | X | X | X | OA | ||
Falls risk: Falls Behavioral Scale for the Older Person (FaB) (modified) [57] | 15 | X | X | X | X | ||||
Medication management/6 | Presence of risky medication: status of taking blood thinners, insulin, or oral medications for high blood sugar or diabetes [58] | 3 | X | X | X | X | OA | ||
Medication adherence: to what extent would you estimate that you take your medication doses? | 1 | X | X | X | X | ||||
Medication side effects: presence or absence of common side effects of antiplatelets/anticoagulants and insulin/oral hypoglycemics [59] | 18 | X | X | X | X | ||||
Ease of driving and transportation/7 | Ease of/comfort with transportation; # of crashes and near-misses | 7 to 12 | X | X | X | X | OA | ||
Caregiver appraisal, burden, satisfaction with relationship, and mastery/8 | Lawton Caregiving Appraisal Scale [60] | 19 | X | X | X | X | CG | ||
Caregiver coping: wishfulness, acceptance, intra-psychic, instrumental/9 | Caregiver Coping Strategies [61] | 16 | X | X | X | X | CG | ||
Mediators: three constructs of self-determination theory | Autonomy: Survey: How well do you carry out social activities and roles; do you currently drive? Elder Tree use data: # and extent of services used. | 2 | X | X | X | X | OA | ||
CG | |||||||||
Competence: Survey: To what extent can you carry out everyday activities; IADLs, comfort with technologies)? Elder Tree use data: # of informational pages and tips viewed. | 3 | X | X | X | X | OA | |||
CG | |||||||||
Relatedness: Survey: selected items from the MOS Social Support Survey (MOS-SS) (modified) [62] related to how often someone is there to provide support to and receive support from you, plus how often you have participated in a health or medical support group or social club or group? Elder Tree use data: # of emotionally supportive messages posted and read | 17 | X | X | X | X | OA | |||
CG | |||||||||
Other measures | |||||||||
Construct | Instrument | Burden | When | Who | |||||
S | B | 6 | 12 | 18 | |||||
Depression | Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) [63] | 8 | X | X | X | X | OA | ||
CG | |||||||||
Living arrangement | Setting (for example, own home/apartment); live alone or not [34] | 2 | X | X | X | X | X | OA | |
Elder Tree system use | Server log files: pages, minutes, services, engagement, patterns, comments, and so on | 0 | Constantly while participants use Elder Tree. | OA | |||||
CG | |||||||||
Comfort with technology | Smartphone/tablet; desktop/laptop computer; Email; Facebook | 4 | X | X | X | X | OA | ||
CG | |||||||||
Physical limitations to technology use | Auditory, visual, motor, other | 1 | X | X | X | X | OA | ||
Measures related to other challenges | |||||||||
Challenge | Construct | Instrument | Burden | When | Who | ||||
S | B | 6 | 12 | 18 | |||||
Social con-nectedness | Online bonding | CHESS Bonding Scale | 4 | X | X | X | X | OA | |
CG | |||||||||
Size of social network | # of people to listen to you, to whom you listen, from whom you get help, show love, get together to do something enjoyable | 5 | X | X | X | X | OA | ||
Other support | Types of therapy or support groups | 6 | X | X | X | X | OA | ||
CG | |||||||||
Service delivery | Satisfaction with service delivery | Showering/bathing/grooming; in-home meal prep or Meals on Wheels; toileting and incontinence; medical support services | 4 | X | X | X | X | OA | |
CG | |||||||||