Immune Function and Muscle Adaptations to Resistance exercise in Older Adults: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial of a Nutritional Supplement

Table 1 Study outcomes for immune responses to various stimuli and for muscle adaptation to training

Immune function	Muscle adaptation
Blood measures	Whole body measures
Antibody response to TDAP vaccine¹	1-Repetition maximum strength⁵
Pro- and anti-inflammatory T-Cell population balance²	Thigh cross-sectional area (CT scan)
Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine levels²	6-minute walk and gait speed tests
Proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells³	Berg Balance Scale
C-Reactive Protein⁵	Timed Up and Go test
Muscle tissue measures	Muscle tissue measures
Change in CD163+ Macrophages^{2, 5}	Change in satellite cell numbers
Changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines²	Change in fiber size
Growth factor levels⁴	Nuclear addition to muscle fibers
NFkB, PI3 Kinase, FOXO, and STAT3 signaling pathways²

¹Humoral response to the tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (TDAP) vaccine; ²Response to an unaccustomed bout of exercise; ³In vitro stimulation assay; ⁴Resting measure; ⁵Primary outcome measures used in power calculations while other outcomes are secondary.

ISSN: 1745-6215