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Table 1 Study outcomes for immune responses to various stimuli and for muscle adaptation to training

From: Immune Function and Muscle Adaptations to Resistance exercise in Older Adults: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial of a Nutritional Supplement

Immune function

Muscle adaptation

Blood measures

Whole body measures

Antibody response to TDAP vaccine1

1-Repetition maximum strength5

Pro- and anti-inflammatory T-Cell population balance2

Thigh cross-sectional area (CT scan)

Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine levels2

6-minute walk and gait speed tests

Proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells3

Berg Balance Scale

C-Reactive Protein5

Timed Up and Go test

Muscle tissue measures

Muscle tissue measures

Change in CD163+ Macrophages2, 5

Change in satellite cell numbers

Changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines2

Change in fiber size

Growth factor levels4

Nuclear addition to muscle fibers

NFkB, PI3 Kinase, FOXO, and STAT3 signaling pathways2

 
  1. 1Humoral response to the tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (TDAP) vaccine; 2Response to an unaccustomed bout of exercise; 3In vitro stimulation assay; 4Resting measure; 5Primary outcome measures used in power calculations while other outcomes are secondary.