Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
---|---|
Children aged 6 months to 5 years and weighing at least 6 kg body mass | Inability to gain informed consent from parent or guardian |
Indication for an urgent insertion of a nasogastric tube | |
Planned to have a nasogastric tube inserted as part of their emergency department treatment | Accompanying adult is non-English speaking and no interpreter service is available |
Child or parent has an allergy to lignocaine or phenylephrine | |
Aberrant nasal anatomy | |
Acute or chronic nasal problems or nasal trauma that may preclude adequate administration or absorption of intranasal medication. | |
Cardiovascular disease/congenital heart disease – specifically hypertension, severe bradycardia, conduction disturbances, and digitalis intoxication | |
Known hepatic or renal impairment | |
Asthma (particularly sulfite-sensitive asthma) | |
Genetic predisposition to malignant hyperthermia | |
Preexisting abnormal neurological conditions | |
Child is taking medications known to interact with CoPhenylcaine Forte™ (antiarrhythmic drugs, suxamethonium, phenytoin, antidepressants, propranolol, citicoline) |