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Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study

From: Lignocaine/phenylephrine nasal spray vs. placebo for the pain and distress of nasogastric tube insertion in children: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

Children aged 6 months to 5 years and weighing at least 6 kg body mass

Inability to gain informed consent from parent or guardian

Indication for an urgent insertion of a nasogastric tube

Planned to have a nasogastric tube inserted as part of their emergency department treatment

Accompanying adult is non-English speaking and no interpreter service is available

Child or parent has an allergy to lignocaine or phenylephrine

Aberrant nasal anatomy

Acute or chronic nasal problems or nasal trauma that may preclude adequate administration or absorption of intranasal medication.

Cardiovascular disease/congenital heart disease – specifically hypertension, severe bradycardia, conduction disturbances, and digitalis intoxication

Known hepatic or renal impairment

Asthma (particularly sulfite-sensitive asthma)

Genetic predisposition to malignant hyperthermia

Preexisting abnormal neurological conditions

Child is taking medications known to interact with CoPhenylcaine Forte™ (antiarrhythmic drugs, suxamethonium, phenytoin, antidepressants, propranolol, citicoline)