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Table 1 Immunomodulation in heart failure: potential treatment modalities

From: Cytokines as new treatment targets in chronic heart failure

Agent

References

Soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors (etanercept)

[53,54]

Pentoxifylaline

[55,56]

Thalidomide

[57]

Intravenous immunoglobulin

[58]

Interleukin-10

[59]

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist

[60]

Chemokine modulators

[61]