Table 1 Studies assessing the influence of microbubbles and ultrasound on thrombolysis
Author(s)/reference | Microbubble | Target in vivo/in vitro | TL, US, MB | US frequency | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tachibana and Tachibana[9] | Albumin MB (albunex) | In vitro thrombus | UK, US and MB | 170 kHz, 0.5 W/cm2 | Significantly increased thrombolysis with thrombolytics, US and MB |
Kondo et al. [10] | Air-filled MB with galactose/palmitic acid shell | In vitro white thrombus | t-PA, US and MB | 10 MHz, 0.5–1.0 W/cm2 | Significant enhancement of thrombus reduction by MB |
Nishioka et al. [11] | DDFP | In vitro and in vivo canine iliofemoral arteries | MB and US | 20 kHz, 1.5 W/cm2 | Increased clot disruption and recanalization with US and MB |
Porter et al. [12] | Air-filled MB/PESDA MB | In vitro thrombus | UK, US and MB | 20 kHz, 40 W/cm2 | Significant better thrombolysis of PESDA than air-MB. Optimal thrombolysis with UK and MB |
Mizushige et al. [13] | Albumin Shell, air-filled/galactose shell air-filled/DDFP-filled MB | In vitro thrombus | t-PA, US, MB | 10 MHz, 1.02 W/cm2 | Thrombolysis was greatest in DDFP-MB-group |
Birnbaum et al. [14] | PESDA MB | In vivo canine iliofemoral artery | US and MB | Up to 160 W/cm2 | Significant higher recanalization rate with MB |
Siegel et al. [15] | DDFP/PESDA | In vivo rabit iliofemoral artery and canine LAD | SK, US, MB | 20–37 kHz, 1.5–160 W/cm2 | Increased clot dissolution with US, MB and SK |
Culp et al. [16] | PESDA tagged with eptifibatide | In vivo pigs ascending pharyngeal artery | US and MB | 1 MH, 2 W/cm2 | Improvement of recanalization rate in eptifibatide tagged PESDA |
Xie et al. [17] | Definity | In vivo canine femoral artery and vein | US and MB | 1 MHz, 0.4–0.6 W/cm2 and 10 W/cm2 | Higher recanalization rates with MB and US compared to US alone |
CLOTBUST investigators[18] | - | In vivo middle cerebral artery Phase 2 trial | t-PA and US | 2 MHz | Ultrasound augments t-PA induced arterial recanalization |
Molina et al. [19] | Galactose MB (Levovist) | In vivo middle cerebral artery phase 2 trial | t-PA, US, MB | 2 MHz | MB safely induces acceleration of US enhanced thrombolysis |
Cohen et al. [20] | - | In vivo STEMI phase 2 trial | rt-PA and US | 27 kHz | No major adverse events |