Table 1 Subject Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

• Patients on long term dialysis treatment (>12 months) with sHPT

• Primary or Tertiary hyperparathyroidism (hyperparathyroidism after kidney transplantation)

• PTH ≥ tenfold above upper normal value

• Familial hyperparathyroidism(MEN I, MEN II, hereditary hyperparathyroidism)

• Age equal or greater 18 years

• History of neck explorations for thyroid/parathyroid disorders

• Informed consent

• Malignant disease of the thyroid glands

• Bleeding disorder/coagulopathy

• Severe psychiatric or neurologic disease

• Drug- and/or alcohol-abuse

• Participation in another intervention-trial with interference of intervention and outcome

• Inability to follow the instructions given by the investigator (e.g. insufficient command of language)