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Table 3 VR trainer procedural skills exercises for laparoscopic cholecystectomy

From: One or two trainees per workplace in a structured multimodality training curriculum for laparoscopic surgery? Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial – DRKS00004675

Procedural skill

Exercise

Clipping and cutting

The gallbladder is already exposed with Hartmann’s pouch retracted laterally by a static tool. The cystic duct and artery have to be clipped and cut. Instructions are given.

Exposure of Calot’s triangle

The gallbladder has to be grasped to expose Calot’s triangle. With correct exposure the students are instructed to clip the cystic duct and artery with the second instrument.

Dissection of cystic duct and artery

The gallbladder’s infundibulum has to be retracted for safe dissection of the highlighted cystic duct and artery to achieve the critical view of safety.

Gallbladder separation

The gallbladder is to be separated from the liver bed with eletrocautery. The line of dissection becomes highlighted with adequate retraction.