Table 1 Exclusion criteria
Pre-existing condition | Â |
| Â | Heart disease |
| Â | Cardiac dysrhythmia |
| Â | Allergy to study drugs |
Brain-related | Â |
| Â | Penetrating brain injury |
| Â | Pre-existing brain dysfunction |
| Â | Impending brain herniation |
| Â | Craniectomy or craniotomy |
Physiologic | Â |
| Â | Spinal cord injury |
| Â | Myocardial injury |
| Â | Severe liver disease |
|  | Current use of β-blocker and/or α2-agonist |
|  | Withdrawal of care expected in 24 h |
Demographic | Â |
| Â | Prisoners |
| Â | Pregnant women |
| Â | Unable to follow-up through final visit |