Table 1 Definitions of some types of reporting bias1
From: Reporting bias in medical research - a narrative review
Type of reporting bias | Definition |
|---|---|
Publication bias | The publication or non-publication of research findings, depending on the nature and direction of the results |
Time lag bias | The rapid or delayed publication of research findings, depending on the nature and direction of the results |
Multiple (duplicate) publication bias | The multiple or singular publication of research findings, depending on the nature and direction of the results |
Location bias | The publication of research findings in journals with different ease of access or levels of indexing in standard databases, depending on the nature and direction of results |
Citation bias | The citation or non-citation of research findings, depending on the nature and direction of the results |
Language bias | The publication of research findings in a particular language, depending on the nature and direction of the results |
Outcome reporting bias | The selective reporting of some outcomes but not others, depending on the nature and direction of the results |