Table 2 Study characteristics of RCTs

Perna 1999 [24]

212 (87 DD/ 99DI /26 II)

Caucasians, mean age of 50 years, with non- diabetic proteinuric chronic nephropathies: (urinary protein excretion> 1 g/24 h for last 3 months and creatinine clearance of 20 – 70 mL/min/1.73m2)

Ramipril 1.25, increased to 2.5 or 5 mg/d Placebo or conventional treatment

30.3 months

Conventional treatment for chronic nephropathy

Blood pressure, proteinuria, glomerular filtration rate, end stage renal disease

Van Geel 2003 [22]

86 (20 DD/ 43 DI/ 23 II)

Caucasians, mean age of 62 years, undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery; able to take the study drug for at least seven days before surgery

Quinapril 40 mg/d Placebo

12 months

Aspirin, coumarin-derivatives (anticoagulants), β- blocker, Ca⁺² channel, nitrates

Plasma ACE activity

Okamura 1999 [21]

97 (16 DD/26 DI/36 II)

Asians, mean age of 63 years, with stable angina pectoris undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Imidapril 5 mg/d Placebo

3–6 months

Aspirin and warfarin

Minimal lumen diameter of coronary artery (net gain (mm), diameter stenosis %, late loss (mm) and loss index)

Penno 1998 [23]

N = 530 (137 DD/296 DI /77 II)

Caucasians, mean age of 53, diabetes with normo- and microalbuminuria, diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg and > 75 mmHg, systolic blood pressure < 155 mmHg

Lisinopril, 10–20mg/d Placebo

24 months

Glycaemic control

Proteinuria

Hernandez 2000 [25]

N= 52 (25 DD/DI and 17 II)

Caucasians, mean age of 47, patients with renal transplantation, Stable renal function (creatinine clearance < 2.5 mg/dL for more than 6 months), absence of renal artery stenosis or chronic allograft nephropathy, no renovascular hypertension, absence of proteinuria

Lisinopril, 10 mg/d Placebo

12 months

Antithymocyte globulin, prednisone, cyclosporine, azathioprine

Serum creatinine, left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular isovolumetric relaxation time, left ventricular mass index

Hingorani 1997 [26]

N = 125 (37 DD/70 DI/17 II)

Caucasians, mean age of 54, with untreated essential hypertension >160/90 (mainly primary care referrals

Captopril (50 mg/d), Enalapril (10 mg/d), Lisinopril (10 mg/d), Perindopril (4 mg/d) Placebo

4 weeks

Ca⁺²-channel blocker

Blood pressure

Kventy 2000 [27]

N = 57 (17/DD/ 24 DI /16 II)

Caucasians, mean age of 45, with diabetes > 5 years, no microalbuminuria < 20 ug/min, albumin creatinine ratio < 2.5 mg/mmol, normal serum creatinine and urine sediment

Perindopril, 4 mg/d Placebo

24 months

None

Albumin/creatinine ratio, blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate

Meurice 2001 [28]

N = 91 (only DD)

Caucasians, mean age of 85, after coronary stent implantation

Quinapril 40 mg/d Placebo

6 months

Aspirin (75–300 mg for 6 months), ticlopidine (500mg for 1 months)

Minimal luminal diameter of coronary artery (restenosis)

Pedersen 1997 [30]

N = 56 (14 DD, 26 DI,16 II)

Caucasians, mean age of 68, after acute myocardial infarction and moderate to severe left ventricular dysfunction (2–6 days after myocardial infarction)

Trandolapril, 4 mg/d Placebo

12 months

None

Tissue-type plasminogen activator [30]32 and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) ACE activity

Pinto 1995 [31]

N = 96 (34 DD/DI and 62 II)

Caucasians with first anterior myocardial infarction, treated with thrombolytic therapy (streptokinase intravenously)

Captopril 75 mg/d Placebo

12 months

Streptokinase administration (1500000U)

Nitrates, Ca+2 channel blocker, β- blocker, aspirin, diuretics

End-systolic and end-diastolic volume

Okumura 2002 [29]

N = 100 (21 DD/22 DI/49 II)

Asians, mean age of 64, after coronary artery stent implantation

Quinapril 10–20 mg/d Placebo

6 months

Ca⁺² channel blocker, β- blocker, nitrates, aspirin, ticlopidine

Minimal lumen diameter of coronary artery (restenosis)