Table 1 Characteristics of trial and non-trial hospitals

Hospital-level characteristics

 % Teaching Status

79.5

20.1

 < 0.001

2.112^***

[1.520, 2.949]

 Average number of hospital beds (SD)

427.0 (295.0)

110.8 (133.2)

 < 0.001

1.003^***

[1.003, 1.004]

 Disproportionate Share Percentage

20.9

15.0

 < 0.001

2.264

[0.755,6.687]

 Average Medicare case-mix index (SD)

1.93 (0.32)

1.57 (0.37)

 < 0.001

7.484^***

[4.386, 13.057]

Demographics characteristics

 Median annual income (in $10,000)

$3.19

$2.73

1.320^***

[1.158, 1,505]

 Race: % White

64.1

79.3

 < 0.001

0.983^***

[0.977, 0.990]

 Ethnicity: % Latinx

18.7

13.0

 < 0.001

1.294

[0.574, 2.859]

 Urban/rural:

  % Rural (reference)

5.3

45.4

1.000

  % Urban

94.7

54.6

1.815^*

[1.079, 3.182]

 US census region:

  % Northeast

22.7

11.0

 < 0.001

1.825^***

[1.175, 2.845]

  % Midwest (ref)

16.8

30.9

1.000

  % South

29.9

36.2

0.981

[0.655, 1.475]

  % West

27.9

19.0

1.600^*

[1.023, 2.513]