| Group 1 SPU + SSD + CHG (n = 39) | Group 2 PAL + CHG + Tape (n = 5) | Group 3 CSD + CHG (n = 42) | Group 4 TA + SPU (n = 35) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PICC failure (per patient) | 4 (10%) | 1 (20%) | 3 (7%) | 3 (9%)a |
Incidence rate (95% CI)b | 9.03 (3.39–24.1) | 17.4 (2.45–123) | 9.43 (3.04–29.2) | 9.57 (3.09–29.7) |
Rate ratio (95% CI) | referent | 1.92 (0.04–19.4) | 1.04 (0.15–6.17) | 1.06 (0.16–6.27) |
Log-rank test (p value) | referent | 0.629 | 0.905 | 0.939 |
Catheter-days | 443 | 58 | 318 | 313 |
PICC dwell time (days)c | 8.94 (3.13, 20.9) | 9.99 (7.23, 16.1) | 5.56 (4.11, 9.97) | 7.11 (4.00, 14.8) |
Secondary outcomes: | ||||
 - CABSI | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (5%) | 1 (3%) |
 - dislodgement | 4 (10%) | 1 (20%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (6%) |
 - occlusion | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) |
 - fracture | 0 (0%) | 1 (20%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) |
 - 1st secdev life <7d (n = 116) | 26 (72%) | 4 (80%) | 25 (61%) | 25 (74%) |
 - patient satisfactiond,e | 8.79 (1.67) | 9.25 (1.50) | 9.17 (1.48) | 8.17 (2.02) |
 - difficulty of removald,f | 8.44 (2.14) | 5.00 (4.36) | 7.97 (2.38) | 6.04 (2.74) |
Skin complicationg | 12 (30%) | 1 (20%) | 9(21%) | 13 (36%) |
Phlebitis indicators (n = 119):h | ||||
 - pain ≥2/10 | 2 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (10%) | 5 (14%) |
 - tenderness ≥2/10 | 5 (13%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (20%) | 10 (28%) |
 - erythema (any) | 7 (18%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (20%) | 11 (31%) |
 - swelling (any) | 1 (3%) | 1 (20%) | 3 (7%) | 9 (26%) |
 - purulent discharge | 0 (0%) | 1 (20%) | 1 (2%) | 2 (6%) |
 - any | 11 (29%) | 2 (40%) | 17 (41%) | 18 (51%) |
Serious adverse events: | ||||
 - death | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | 2 (6%) |
 - positive blood culture | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (5%) | 2 (6%) |
 - other | 2 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (3%) |
Number of dressing changes: | 72 | 8 | 52 | 60 |
 - Incidence rateb | 163 | 139 | 163 | 191 |
Dressing/secdev life: | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 - days to first changec | 1.71 (0.66, 3.38) | 0.94 (0.41, 2.60) | 1.83 (0.53, 5.45) | 1.49 (0.56, 3.44) |
 - daysd | 3.68 (1.77) | 5.21 (2.86) | 3.53 (1.98) | 3.41 (1.52) |
Reason for change (n = 189)i: | ||||
 - routine | 45 (62%) | 3 (38%) | 27 (53%) | 19 (33%) |
 - dressing lifting | 19 (26%) | 4 (50%) | 11 (22%) | 27 (47%) |
 - sweating | 4 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (3%) |
 - leakage | 2 (3%) | 2 (25%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) |
 - bleeding | 12 (17%) | 5 (62%) | 11 (21%) | 10 (17%) |
 - unknown | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) |
 - other | 18 (25%) | 2 (25%) | 20 (39%) | 28 (48%) |