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Table 5 Subgroup analyses comparing OR of favorable outcome, stratified by intervention type and funding source

From: The association of funding source on effect size in randomized controlled trials: 2013–2015 – a cross-sectional survey and meta-analysis

Funding Source

Drug trials, OR (95% CI)

No.

Excluding drug trials, OR (95% CI)

No.

Drug trial, clinical endpoints, OR (95% CI)

No.

Drug trial, surrogate endpoints, OR (95% CI)

No.

Drug trial, excluding trials with free provision of study drug, OR (95% CI)

No.

Drug trial, excluding trials with free provision of study drug, OR (95% CI)

No.

Nonplacebo drug trials, OR (95% CI)

No.

Double-blind drug trials, OR (95% CI)

No.

Non-double-blind drug trials, OR (95% CI)

No.

For-profit

2.41 (2.05–2.83)

118

1.44 (1.23–1.68)

30

1.55 (1.43–1.67)

86

4.1 (2.64–6.37)

31

2.41 (2.05–2.83)

118

2.29 (1.96–2.70)

73

1.83 (1.45–2.31)

45

2.01 (1.78–2.29)

88

2.12 (1.48–3.03)

30

Mixed

1.63 (1.46–1.84)a

65

1.37 (1.05–1.79)

52

1.37 (1.23–1.51)

50

2.01 (1.46–2.77)

15

1.62 (1.42–1.84)

43

1.47 (1.30–1.67)a

34

1.50 (0.96–1.39)a

31

1.56 (1.35–1.81)

31

1.26 (1.11–1.42)a

34

Nonprofit

1.36 (1.24–1.50)a

93

1.38 (1.28–1.48)

151

1.29 (1.18–1.43)

82

1.66 (1.11–2.47)a

11

1.36 (1.24–1.50)a

93

1.41 (1.25–1,57)a

44

1.37 (1.11–1.71)

49

1.41 (1.21–1.63)a

48

1.25 (1.10–1.42)a

45

  1. aDenotes statistical difference compared with profit funded studies (p < 0.05)
  2. bDenotes statistical difference compared with mixed funded studies (p < 0.05)