Author, year | Model fitted | Effect estimated | Vertical and/or horizontal analysis | Method to account for clustering | Repeated measures on individuals? Method used | Adjustment for confounding? | Adjustment for secular trends | Risk of lag | Accounting for lags | Risk of fidelity loss |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacchieri, 2010 [29] | Poisson regression | Rate ratio | Both | Robust standard errors | Time-to-event | No | Fixed effect (no interaction) | None | None | Minor |
Bashour, 2013 [22] | Linear regression | Mean difference | Both | Random effects | No | Yes | Fixed effect | None | None | Major |
(no interaction) | ||||||||||
Durovni, 2013 [12] | Cox regression | Rate ratio | Within-step only, plus frailty | Random effects | Time-to-event | Yes | Conditional | Major | None | Minor |
Fuller, 2012 [23] | Logistic regression | Odds ratio | Both | Random effects | Yes, not explicitly accounted for | Yes | Fixed effects | Major | None (per-protocol analysis using observed lags) | Major |
(no interaction) | ||||||||||
Gruber 2013 [21] | Linear regression, Log-Poisson regression | Risk difference, risk ratio | Both | Robust standard errors, GEE | Yes, not explicitly accounted for | Yes, in secondary analyses | Fixed effect | Major | None | Low |
(no interaction) | ||||||||||
Horner, 2012 [27] | Logistic regression | Odds ratio | Both | Random effects | Yes, not explicitly accounted for | Yes | Fixed effect | Minor | None | Minor |
(no interaction) | ||||||||||
Mhurchu, 2013 [24] | Logistic regression | Odds ratio | Both | Random effects | Yes, pupil-level summaries and random effect | Yes | Fixed effect | None | None | Minor |
(no interaction) | ||||||||||
Roy, 2013 [25] | Logistic regression | Odds ratio | Both | Random effects | No | Yes | None | None | None | Minor |
Schultz, 2014 [28] | Logistic regression | Odds ratio | Both | None: GEE not possible, and RE did not converge | No | No | Fixed effect | Minor | None | None |
(no interaction) | ||||||||||
Stern, 2014 [26] | Linear regression | Mean difference | Both | Random effects | Yes, multiple level random effects | Yes | Fixed effect with interaction | Major | None | Minor |