Factor | Action | EPO action | Tissue, organ, species | Reference |
TNF-α | Primary-injury response | Antagonist | Neuronal tissue, brain, mice | [9] |
IL-2, -6, -8 | Proinflammatory cytokines | Inhibition | Human histiocytic lymphoma cells | [10] |
[11] | ||||
γ-interferon | Proinflammatory cytokine | Inhibition | Human histiocytic lymphoma cells | [10] |
MIP 1 u. 2 | Proinflammatory protein | Inhibition | Cartilage, mice (arthritis model) | [12] |
Myeloperoxidase | Invasion-marker for macrophages | Inhibition | Neuronal tissue, brain, mice | [13] |
IL-1β | Proinflammatory cytokine | Inhibition | Human histiocytic lymphoma cells | [10] |
γ-interferon | Proinflammatory cytokine | Inhibition | Human leucocytes | [14] |
VEGF | Angiogenesis | Stimulation | Skin, microvessels, mice | [15] |
eNOS | Recruitment of EPCs | Stimulation | Skin, microvessels, mice | [16] |
EGF | Angiogenesis | Stimulation | Heart, microvessels, neovasculature, rat | [17] |
HIF-1α / HIF-2α | Adaption to hypoxia, stimulation of EPO and VEGF | Stimulation | Human hepatoma cell lines | [18] |
EPAS 1 | Adaption to hypoxia | Stimulation | Cortical astrocytes | [19] |
Cortical astrocytes | [19] | |||
iNOS | Relaxation of smooth muscle cells | Stimulation | Skin, microvessels, mice | [15] |
BCL-Xl | Anti-apoptotic | Stimulation | Erythroid progenitor cell line, mice | [20] |
IGF-I | Anti-apoptotic | Stimulation | Astrocytoma cell line | [21] |
cell proliferation | ||||
Caspase-3 | Apoptosis | Inhibition | Kidney, rat | [22] |
BCL-2 | Anti-apoptotic | Stimulation | Erythroid progenitor cell line, mice | [23] |
proliferation | ||||
hsp 70 | Intracellular protective processes | Stimulation | Human TF-1 cell line | [24] |